Natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES)-based blueberry extracts protect against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. (December 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: da Silva, Dariane Trivisiol; Rodrigues, Renata Fritzsche; Machado, Natália Minuzzi; Maurer, Luana Haselein; Ferreira, Lauren Fresinghelli; Somacal, Sabrina; da Veiga, Marcelo Leite; Rocha, Maria Izabel de Ugalde Marques da; Vizzotto, Marcia; Rodrigues, Eliseu; Barcia, Milene Teixeira; Emanuelli, Tatiana
• Is Part Of: Food research international. Volume 138(2020)Part A
• Publication Date: 2020-12
• Subjects: Gastric damage -- Oxidative stress -- Antioxidant defenses -- Polyphenols -- Biocompatible solvent -- Green solvent; ANOVA Analysis of variance -- AOPP Advanced oxidation protein products -- ARF Anthocyanin-rich fraction -- b.w. Body weight -- CE Crude extract -- Cu/Zn SOD Cu/Zn Superoxide dismutase -- DTT Dithiothreitol -- EDTA Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid -- ESI Electrospray ionization -- EtOH Ethanol -- GPx Glutathione peroxidase -- GR Gutathione reductase -- GSH Reduced glutathione -- GSSG Oxidized glutathione -- GST Glutathione-S-transferase -- HEPES Hydroxyethyl piperazineethanesulfonic acid -- HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography -- LAN Lansoprazole -- MPO Myeloperoxidase -- NADES Natural deep eutectic solvent -- NAPF Non-anthocyanin phenolic fraction -- NADPH Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate -- ·NO Nitric oxide -- NOx Nitrite and nitrate levels -- Nrf2 Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 -- NSAIDs Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs -- ORAC Oxygen radical absorbance capacity -- PMSF Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride -- Q-TOF Quadrupole time-of-flight -- ROS Reactive oxygen species -- SCFA Short-chain fatty acids -- UV Ultraviolet; Food -- Analysis -- Periodicals; Food industry and trade -- Periodicals; Food industry and trade -- Canada -- Periodicals; Food Technology -- Periodicals; Food -- Periodicals; Food-Processing Industry -- Periodicals; Aliments -- Industrie et commerce -- Périodiques; Aliments -- Industrie et commerce -- Canada -- Périodiques; Aliments -- Recherche -- Périodiques; Food industry and trade; Canada; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 664.005
• DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109718
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0963-9969

Abstract

Graphical abstract: Highlights: NADES produce biocompatible polyphenol-rich blueberry extracts (CE). CE protects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. NADES contributes to the protective effect of CE against oxidative damage. Anthocyanins underline the anti-inflammatory and GSH preserving effects of CE. Anthocyanin-fraction increased the production of acetate in cecal feces. Abstract: Blueberry is a polyphenol-rich fruit bearing great bioactive potential. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) emerged as putatively biocompatible solvents that could substitute for toxic organic solvents in the extraction of fruit phenolic compounds for developing nutraceuticals or functional foods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the gastroprotective effects and the biocompatibility of a blueberry crude extract (CE) obtained using NADES and of the extract fractions (anthocyanin-rich fraction – ARF; non-anthocyanin phenolic fraction - NAPF) in a model of ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. CE was the NADES-containing, ready-to-use extract that was obtained using choline chloride:glycerol:citric acid NADES (0.5:2:0.5 M ratio). ARF and NAPF were the NADES-free fractions obtained by solid phase purification of CE and were investigated to identify the bioactive fraction responsible for the effects of CE. Animals were treated for 14 days with water, NADES vehicle, CE, ARF, NAPF or lansoprazole (intragastric) and then received ethanol to induce gastric ulcer. CE decreased ulcer index and preserved the integrity of gastric mucosa. The pretreatment with CE or ARF reduced glutathione depletion and the inflammatory response. All treatments, including NADES vehicle reduced protein oxidation and nitric oxide overproduction in ethanol-treated rats. Additionally, ARF increased short-chain fatty acids in feces. These findings suggest that NADES can be used to obtain biocompatible extracts of blueberry that exhibit gastroprotective effects with no need of solvent removal. The gastroprotective effects were mainly associated to ARF but NAPF and even NADES vehicle also contributed to some protective effects.