Chlorophyll breakdown during fruit ripening: Qualitative analysis of phyllobilins in the peel of apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. 'Gala' during different shelf life stages. (December 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Gorfer, Lisa Marie; Vestrucci, Luca; Grigoletto, Valentina; Lazazzara, Valentina; Zanella, Angelo; Robatscher, Peter; Scampicchio, Matteo; Oberhuber, Michael
• Is Part Of: Food research international. Volume 162(2022)Part B
• Publication Date: 2022-12
• Subjects: Chlorophyll catabolites -- Fruit ripening -- Apple biodegradation -- Natural products -- Tetrapyrrole -- Phyllobilins -- Mass spectrometry; a.s.l. Above sea level -- Ap Acer platanoides -- At Arabidopsis thaliana -- BPC Basepeak chromatogram -- Bn Brassica napus -- CBR Chlorophyll b reductase -- CCE Chlorophyll catabolic enzyme -- Chl Chlorophyll -- CID Collision induced dissociation -- Cj Cercidiphyllum japonicum -- Co Cydonia oblonga -- DAD Diode array detector -- DNCC Nonfluorescent dioxobilin-type chlorophyll catabolite -- EIC Extracted ion chromatogram -- Ej Eriobotrya japonica -- FCC Fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite -- FW Fresh weight -- HCAR 71-hydroxy Chlorophyll a reductase -- Hv Hordeum vulgare -- IL Inclusion list -- m/z Mass-to-charge ratio -- Lo Liquidambar orientalis -- Ls Liquidambar styraciflua -- Mc Musa cavendish -- Md Malus domestica -- MeOH Methanol -- Ms Malus sylvestris -- NCC Nonfluorescent chlorophyll catabolite -- NH4OAc Ammoniumacetate -- Nr Nicotiana rustica -- OHD Optimal harvest date -- Pa Prunus armeniaca -- PAO Pheophorbide a oxygenase -- PB Phyllobilins -- Pc Pyrus communis -- Pd Prunus domestica -- pFCC Primary fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite -- Pheo A Pheophorbide a -- PiCC Pink chlorophyll catabolite -- Po Platanus occidentalis -- Pp Parrotia persica -- PPH pheophytinase -- Ps Prunus salicina -- r.t. Retention time -- RCC Red chlorophyll catabolite -- RT Room temperature -- SGR enzyme stay-green -- SL shelf life -- So Spinacia oleracea -- Sw Spathiphyllum wallisii -- Tc Tilia cordata -- TIC Total ion chromatogram -- Ug Ulmus glabra -- UHPLC–HRMS-Q–TOF Ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography - high resolution - quadrupole - time of flight -- UV/Vis Ultraviolet and visible light -- YCC Yellow chlorophyll catabolite -- Zm Zea mays; Food -- Analysis -- Periodicals; Food industry and trade -- Periodicals; Food industry and trade -- Canada -- Periodicals; Food Technology -- Periodicals; Food -- Periodicals; Food-Processing Industry -- Periodicals; Aliments -- Industrie et commerce -- Périodiques; Aliments -- Industrie et commerce -- Canada -- Périodiques; Aliments -- Recherche -- Périodiques; Food industry and trade; Canada; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 664.005
• DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112061
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0963-9969

Abstract

Graphical abstract: Highlights: HR-LC-MS analysis of chlorophyll catabolites phyllobilins (PBs) in apples cv. Gala. Increasing abundance and diversity of chlorophyll catabolitesPBs during ripening. Chlorophyll catabolitesPBs are potential ripening indicators and component of human diet. Abstract: Chlorophyll (Chl) degradation is an important process of fruit ripening, mediated by the pheophorbide a oxygenase/phyllobilin (PaO/PB) pathway. Chl is catabolized to linear tetrapyrrolic phyllobilins that resemble the bile pigments. Determining the optimal harvest date is of pivotal importance for the fruit industry. Among the physiological changes at the onset of ripening and during shelf life, the breakdown of Chl appears as a promising indicator for fruit maturity. In addition, PBs are a frequently overlooked component of the human diet with antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. However, their relevance for a healthy diet and their potential as ripening indicator in fruit cannot be evaluated yet, as details on emergence and composition of PBs in fruit are yet elusive. Using apple ( Malus × domestica Borkh.) cv. 'Gala' as a model fruit, the Chl content and the emergence and identity of PBs were analyzed during a controlled shelf life period using UV/Vis spectroscopy and ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS). An in-house database with chromatographic and MS data from 51 PBs, revealed ten chlorophyll catabolites, including five NCCs, one YCC, and four DNCCs (including a previously unknown one). PBs were identified with increasing abundance and diversity from the onset of Chl degradation, suggesting a potential role as ripening indicators.