Procyanidin B2: A promising multi-functional food-derived pigment for human diseases. (15th September 2023)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Chen, Junren; Zhong, Kexin; Jing, Yiqi; Liu, Shengmeng; Qin, Siqi; Peng, Fu; Li, Dan; Peng, Cheng
• Is Part Of: Food chemistry. Volume 420(2023)
• Publication Date: 2023-09-15
• Subjects: DM diabetes mellitus -- HG high glucose -- LPS lipopolysaccharide -- COX cyclooxygenase -- iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase -- IL interleukin -- NLRP3 NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 -- NO nitric oxide -- ROS reactive oxygen species -- AP-1 activator protein-1 -- IRAK IL-1 receptor-associated kinase -- TNF tumor necrosis factor -- MHC major histocompatibility complex -- IFN-γ interferon-γ -- Arg1 arginase-1 -- Ym1 chitinase-3-like protein 3 -- Fizz1 found in inflammatory zone 1 -- PPAR peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor -- ABCG1 ATP binding cassette subfamily G member 1 -- AGE advanced glycation end-product -- MFG-E8 milk fat globule epidermal growth factor-8 -- C/EBP CCAAT enhancer-binding protein -- LPL lipoprotein lipase -- aP2 adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein -- G3PDH glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase -- MyHC myosin heavy chain -- Tnni1 troponin I 1 -- AMPK AMP-activated protein kinase -- LKB1 liver kinase B1 -- NRF nuclear respiratory factor -- CaMKKβ calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β -- Sir1 sirtuin1 -- PGC-1α peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α -- MDH malate dehydrogenase -- SDH succinic dehydrogenase -- LDH lactate dehydrogenase -- ERK1/2 extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 -- GSK-3β glycogen synthase kinase-3β -- PCX podocalyxin -- GSH-px glutathione peroxidase -- SOD superoxide dismutase -- MDA Malondialdehyde -- TFAM mitochondrial transcription factor A -- EMT epithelial-mesenchymal transition -- FN fibronectin -- α-SMA α-smooth muscle actin -- TGF-β transforming growth factor-β -- HbA1c glycated hemoglobin -- PKC protein kinase C -- RAGE receptors for AGE -- VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor -- VCAM vascular cell adhesion molecule -- MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 -- CAV-1 activated caveolin‐1 -- PHB prohibitin -- IRE1 inositol requiring enzyme 1 -- ATF activating transcription factor -- CHOP C/EBP homologous protein -- GRP78 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein -- PERK protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase -- UCH-L1 ubiquitin COOH-terminal hydrolase 1 -- GSTT1 glutathione S-transferase theta 1 -- TG triglyceride -- TC total cholesterol -- VSMC vascular smooth cells -- PIMT protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase -- ACC acetyl-CoA carboxylase -- CPT1 carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 -- FFA free fatty acid -- 4-HNE 4-hydroxynonenal -- MMP matrix metalloproteinases -- CAT catalase -- LAMP1 Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 -- TFEB transcriptional factor EB -- SREBP-1c sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c -- HSP75 heat shock protein 75 -- LCAD Long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase -- CPT1a carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1 -- DMGDH dimethylglycine dehydrogenase -- HMGS hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA synthase -- NQO-1 quinone oxidoreductase 1 -- Lgr5 leucine rich repeat-containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 -- ALOX5 5-lipoxygenase -- GSDMD gasdermin D -- HMGB1 high mobility group box-1 -- YAP Yes-associated protein -- Cys-C Cysteine proteinase inhibitor -- TRPC6 Canonical transient receptor potential-6 -- ERM Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin -- MRLC myosin-II regulatory light chain -- Lamp2 lysosomal associated membrane protein 2 -- Mpa1lc3a microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 alpha -- PSA prostatic specific antigen -- elF2α α-subunit of eukaryotic translational initiation factor 2 -- IRE1α inositol requiring enzyme 1α -- FCV-F9 feline calicivirus -- MNV-1 murine norovirus; Procyanidin B2 -- Edible pigments -- Natural sources -- Bioactivities -- Molecular mechanisms; Food -- Analysis -- Periodicals; Food -- Composition -- Periodicals; 664
• DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136101
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0308-8146

Abstract

Highlights: Procyanidin B2 (PB2) is a critical natural pigment abundantly available in daily foods. PB2 has various bioactivities, such as anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and lipid regulation. PB2 has numerous beneficial potentials on human health, especially metabolic disorders. Abstract: Natural edible pigments play a paramount part in the food industry. Procyanidin B2 (PB2), one of the most representative naturally occurring edible pigments, is usually isolated from the seeds, fruits, and leaves of lots of common plants, such as grapes, Hawthorn, black soybean, as well as blueberry, and functions as a food additive in daily life. Notably, PB2 has numerous bioactivities and possesses the potential to treat/prevent a wide range of human diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, diabetic complications, atherosclerosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and the underlying mechanisms were partially elucidated, including mediating signaling pathways like NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, apoptotic axis, and Nrf-2/HO-1. This paper presents a review of the natural sources, bioactivities, and the therapeutic/preventive potential of PB2 and the possible mechanisms, with the aim of promoting the development of PB2 as a functional food and providing references for its clinical application in the treatment of diseases.