Association Between ADHD and COVID-19 Infection and Clinical Outcomes: A Retrospective Cohort Study From Electronic Medical Records. Issue 2 (January 2023)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Heslin, Kathleen P.; Haruna, Aminat; George, Regina A.; Chen, Shiyu; Nobel, Ishak; Anderson, Kathryn B.; Faraone, Stephen V.; Zhang-James, Yanli
• Is Part Of: Journal of attention disorders. Volume 27:Issue 2(2023)
• Page Start: 169
• Page End: 181
• Publication Date: 2023-01
• Subjects: COVID-19 -- ADHD -- hospitalization -- mechanical ventilation -- mortality; Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder -- Periodicals; Attention -- Periodicals; 616.8589
• DOI: 10.1177/10870547221129305
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1087-0547

Abstract

Objective: Though psychiatric illnesses have been associated with increased COVID-19 infection risk, limited information exists about the relationship between ADHD and COVID-19. Methods: Using the TriNetX COVID-19 Research Network, we examined the impact of ADHD diagnosis and treatment on COVID-19 infection rates and outcomes. Results: ADHD patients had greater risk of COVID-19 (risk ratio (RR) 1.11, 95% CI [1.09, 1.12]). Increased risk was higher in females than males, and highest among Asian and Black patients. Within 60 days after COVID-19 diagnosis, ADHD patients had lower rates of hospitalization (RR 0.91, 95% CI [0.86, 0.96]) and mechanical ventilation (RR 0.69, 95% CI [0.58, 0.83]), and a nonsignificant reduced death rate (RR 0.65, 95% CI [0.42, 1.02]). Patients who recently received ADHD medication had higher rates of COVID-19 (RR 1.13; 95% CI [1.10, 1.15]). Conclusion: ADHD poses increased risk for COVID-19, but may reduce risk of severe outcomes. ADHD medications modestly impacted COVID-19 risk.