Vitamin D status in the United States, 2011–2014. Issue 1 (10th May 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Herrick, Kirsten A; Storandt, Renee J; Afful, Joseph; Pfeiffer, Christine M; Schleicher, Rosemary L; Gahche, Jaime J; Potischman, Nancy
• Is Part Of: American journal of clinical nutrition. Volume 110:Issue 1(2019)
• Page Start: 150
• Page End: 157
• Publication Date: 2019-05-10
• Subjects: vitamin D status -- 25(OH)D -- NHANES -- supplements -- survey -- trend -- diet; Diet therapy -- Periodicals; Nutrition -- Periodicals; Dietetics -- Periodicals; 613.205
• DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz037
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0002-9165

Abstract

ABSTRACT: Background: Vitamin D is important for bone health; in 2014 it was the fifth most commonly ordered laboratory test among Medicare Part B payments. Objectives: The aim of this study was to describe vitamin D status in the US population in 2011–2014 and trends from 2003 to 2014. Methods: We used serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D data from NHANES 2011–2014 ( n = 16, 180), and estimated the prevalence at risk of deficiency (<30 nmol/L) or prevalence at risk of inadequacy (30–49 nmol/L) by age, sex, race and Hispanic origin, and dietary intake of vitamin D. We also present trends between 2003 and 2014. Results: In 2011–2014, the percentage aged ≥1 y at risk of vitamin D deficiency or inadequacy was 5.0% (95% CI: 4.1%, 6.2%) and 18.3% (95% CI: 16.2%, 20.6%). The prevalence of at risk of deficiency was lowest among children aged 1–5 y (0.5%; 95% CI: 0.3%, 1.1%), peaked among adults aged 20–39 y (7.6%; 95% CI: 6.0%, 9.6%), and fell to 2.9% (95% CI: 2.0%, 4.0%) among adults aged ≥60 y; the prevalence of at risk of inadequacy was similar. The prevalence of at risk of deficiency was higher among non-Hispanic black (17.5%; 95% CI: 15.2%, 20.0%) than among non-Hispanic Asian (7.6%; 95% CI: 5.9%, 9.9%), non-Hispanic white (2.1%; 95% CI: 1.5%, 2.7%), and Hispanic (5.9%; 95% CI: 4.4%, 7.8%) persons; the prevalence of at risk of inadequacy was similar. Persons with higher vitamin D dietary intake or who used supplements had lower prevalences of at risk of deficiency or inadequacy. From 2003 to 2014 there was no change in the risk of vitamin D deficiency; the risk of inadequacy declined from 21.0% (95% CI: 17.9%, 24.5%) to 17.7% (95% CI: 16.0%, 19.7%). Conclusion: The prevalence of at risk of vitamin D deficiency in the United States remained stable from 2003 to 2014; at risk of inadequacy declined. Differences in vitamin D status by race and Hispanic origin warrant additional investigation.