25(OH)D3-enriched or fortified foods are more efficient at tackling inadequate vitamin D status than vitamin D3. Issue 3 (27th November 2017)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Guo, Jing; Lovegrove, Julie A.; Givens, D. Ian
• Is Part Of: Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. Volume 77:Issue 3(2018)
• Page Start: 282
• Page End: 291
• Publication Date: 2017-11-27
• Subjects: Enrichment, -- Fortification, -- 25(OH)D3, -- Vitamin D3, -- Vitamin D deficiency; Nutrition -- Congresses; 612.30993
• DOI: 10.1017/S0029665117004062
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0029-6651

Abstract

Abstract : The ability to synthesise sufficient vitamin D through sunlight in human subjects can be limited. Thus, diet has become an important contributor to vitamin D intake and status; however, there are only a few foods (e.g. egg yolk, oily fish) naturally rich in vitamin D. Therefore, vitamin D-enriched foods via supplementing the animals' diet with vitamin D or vitamin D fortification of foods have been proposed as strategies to increase vitamin D intake. Evidence that cholecalciferol (vitamin D3 ) and calcifediol (25(OH)D3 ) content of eggs, fish and milk increased in response to vitamin D3 supplementation of hens, fish or cows' diets was identified when vitamin D-enrichment studies were reviewed. However, evidence from supplementation studies with hens showed only dietary 25(OH)D3, not vitamin D3 supplementation, resulted in a pronounced increase of 25(OH)D3 in the eggs. Furthermore, evidence from randomised controlled trials indicated that a 25(OH)D3 oral supplement could be absorbed faster and more efficiently raise serum 25(OH)D concentration compared with vitamin D3 supplementation. Moreover, evidence showed the relative effectiveness of increasing vitamin D status using 25(OH)D3 varied between 3·13 and 7·14 times that of vitamin D3, probably due to the different characteristics of the investigated subjects or study design. Therefore, vitamin D-enrichment or fortified foods using 25(OH)D3 would appear to have advantages over vitamin D3 . Further well-controlled studies are needed to assess the effects of 25(OH)D3 enriched or fortified foods in the general population and clinical patients.