A retrospective cohort study examining treatments and operative interventions for frostbite in a tertiary care hospital. Issue 2 (22nd September 2016)
- Record Type:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- A retrospective cohort study examining treatments and operative interventions for frostbite in a tertiary care hospital. Issue 2 (22nd September 2016)
- Main Title:
- A retrospective cohort study examining treatments and operative interventions for frostbite in a tertiary care hospital
- Authors:
- Fabian, Jaroslav Christopher
Taljaard, Monica
Perry, Jeffrey J. - Abstract:
- Abstract: Background: Frostbite is a common yet challenging injury to both diagnose and treat. McCauley's frostbite treatment protocol consists of 12 treatments that might well represent the standard of care. However, its effectiveness in preventing operative intervention has yet to be examined. Our objectives were to characterize frostbite injuries in Eastern Ontario, identify risk factors for deep injuries, and assess the protocol's efficacy in preventing operative outcomes. Methods: This cohort study examined patients with frostbite over ten years at a tertiary care hospital. Demographics and predisposing factors were recorded. Frostbite severity was categorized into superficial or deep. Treatments were recorded, including adherence to protocol and operative outcome. Results: Of the 265 frostbite patients identified, deep frostbite accounted for 56 (21.1%, 95% CI: 16.2–26.1%), of whom 20 (35.7%) had an operative outcome. Amputation occurred in 16 (28.6%) of deep injuries and debridement in 5 (8.9%). Risk factors for deep frostbite were older age ( p =0.002), smoking ( p <0.001), male sex ( p =0.056) and alcohol abuse ( p =0.056). None of the patients with deep frostbite had all 12 treatments performed. Adherence to protocol ranged from 0.0% to 48.2% per treatment. The rate of operative intervention was 7.7% in patients with deep frostbite who did not have any McCauley's frostbite treatments and ranged from 0.0% to 100.0% per treatment in those who did receive treatments.Abstract: Background: Frostbite is a common yet challenging injury to both diagnose and treat. McCauley's frostbite treatment protocol consists of 12 treatments that might well represent the standard of care. However, its effectiveness in preventing operative intervention has yet to be examined. Our objectives were to characterize frostbite injuries in Eastern Ontario, identify risk factors for deep injuries, and assess the protocol's efficacy in preventing operative outcomes. Methods: This cohort study examined patients with frostbite over ten years at a tertiary care hospital. Demographics and predisposing factors were recorded. Frostbite severity was categorized into superficial or deep. Treatments were recorded, including adherence to protocol and operative outcome. Results: Of the 265 frostbite patients identified, deep frostbite accounted for 56 (21.1%, 95% CI: 16.2–26.1%), of whom 20 (35.7%) had an operative outcome. Amputation occurred in 16 (28.6%) of deep injuries and debridement in 5 (8.9%). Risk factors for deep frostbite were older age ( p =0.002), smoking ( p <0.001), male sex ( p =0.056) and alcohol abuse ( p =0.056). None of the patients with deep frostbite had all 12 treatments performed. Adherence to protocol ranged from 0.0% to 48.2% per treatment. The rate of operative intervention was 7.7% in patients with deep frostbite who did not have any McCauley's frostbite treatments and ranged from 0.0% to 100.0% per treatment in those who did receive treatments. Conclusions: The frostbite protocol was not regularly followed and therefore its efficacy in preventing operative intervention could not be determined. Further, none of the individual treatments in the protocol were associated with preventing operative intervention. We recommend that future research focus on identifying effective individual treatments. RÉSUMÉ: Contexte: Les gelures sont des accidents fréquents, qui présentent des difficultés tant sur le plan du diagnostic que sur celui du traitement. Le protocole de traitement des gelures de McCauley consiste en 12 interventions thérapeutiques et il pourrait bien devenir la norme de soins en la matière. Toutefois, il reste à examiner son efficacité dans la prévention des opérations. L'étude décrite ici visait à caractériser les gelures observées dans l'Est de l'Ontario, à cerner les facteurs de risque de gelure profonde et à évaluer l'efficacité du protocole quant à la prévention des opérations. Méthode: Il s'agit d'une étude de cohorte portant sur des patients ayant subi des gelures, sur une période de 10 ans, dans un hôpital de soins tertiaires. Ont été consignés des données démographiques et des facteurs prédisposants. La gravité des gelures a été divisée en deux catégories : superficielle et profonde. Les interventions ont également été enregistrées, y compris le respect du protocole et les résultats des opérations. Résultats: Au total, 265 patients ayant subi des gelures ont été recensés; sur ce nombre, 56 (21, 1%, IC à 95% : 16, 2-26, 1%) souffraient de gelures profondes, dont 20 (35, 7%) ont été opérés. On a procédé à l'amputation dans 16 (28, 6%) cas de lésion profonde et au débridement dans 5 (8, 9 %) cas. Les facteurs de risque de gelure profonde comprenaient un âge avancé ( p =0, 002), l'usage du tabac ( p <0, 001), le sexe masculin ( p =0, 056) et l'abus d'alcool ( p =0, 056). Aucun des patients ayant subi des gelures profondes n'a été soumis aux 12 interventions thérapeutiques. Le respect du protocole variait de 0, 0 % à 48, 2 % par intervention. Le taux d'opération s'élevait à 7, 7% chez les patients ayant subi des gelures profondes qui n'avaient été soumis à aucune des interventions de McCauley et il variait de 0, 0% à 100, 0% par intervention chez ceux qui avaient été soumis à l'une ou l'autre d'entre elles. Conclusions: Le protocole de traitement des gelures a été plus ou moins suivi; aussi a-t-il été impossible de déterminer son efficacité au regard de la prévention des opérations. De plus, aucune des interventions prévues au protocole, considérées individuellement, n'a été associée à la prévention des opérations. Les auteurs recommandent donc que la recherche d'interventions efficaces en elles-mêmes fasse l'objet de futures études. … (more)
- Is Part Of:
- CJEM. Volume 19:Issue 2(2017:Mar.)
- Journal:
- CJEM
- Issue:
- Volume 19:Issue 2(2017:Mar.)
- Issue Display:
- Volume 19, Issue 2 (2017)
- Year:
- 2017
- Volume:
- 19
- Issue:
- 2
- Issue Sort Value:
- 2017-0019-0002-0000
- Page Start:
- 88
- Page End:
- 95
- Publication Date:
- 2016-09-22
- Subjects:
- Frostbite, -- Amputation, -- Treatment-protocol
Emergency Treatment -- Periodicals
Emergency Medicine -- Periodicals
Emergency medical services -- Canada -- Periodicals
Medical emergencies -- Canada -- Periodicals
Emergency medical services
Medical emergencies
Canada
Periodicals
616.02505 - Journal URLs:
- http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=CEM ↗
http://www.caep.ca/004.cjem-jcmu/004-00.cjem/004-01v.archives.htm#main ↗
http://link.springer.com/ ↗ - DOI:
- 10.1017/cem.2016.372 ↗
- Languages:
- English
- ISSNs:
- 1481-8035
- Deposit Type:
- Legaldeposit
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- Available online (eLD content is only available in our Reading Rooms) ↗
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