Agricultural and Food Electroanalysis. (2015)

• Record Type: Book
• Further Information: Note: Edited by Alberto Escarpa, María Cristina González, Miguel Ángel López.
• Editors: Escarpa Miguel, Alberto, 1968-; González Martín, María Cristina; López Gil, Miguel Ángel
• Contents: List of Contributors xv Preface xix 1. Electroanalysis and Food Analysis 1 ; Paloma Yá˜nez-Sede˜no and José M. Pingarrón 1.1 Introduction and Adequacy of Electroanalysis for Food Analysis 1 1.2 Methodologies Related to Measurement Techniques 2 1.2.1 Continuous Detection Methods 2 1.2.2 Stripping Analysis 5 1.2.3 Potentiometry and Chronopotentiometry 7 1.2.4 Electronic Tongues 7 1.2.5 Impedance Spectroscopy 9 1.3 Electrochemical Sensors and Biosensors for Food Components 9 1.3.1 Molecularly Imprinted Electrodes 9 1.3.2 Enzyme Biosensors 10 1.3.3 Affinity Biosensors 12 1.4 Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Analysis of Food 14 1.5 Future Trends 16 Acknowledgments 16 References 16 Part I Electroanalytical Techniques in Batch and Continuous Systems in Food Analysis 21 2. Voltammetric Techniques 23 ; Sandra Mendoza, Erika Bustos, Juan Manr´yquez and Luis A. God´ynez 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 An Overview of Sweep Potential Electrochemical Techniques 23 2.2.1 Linear Sweep Voltammetry/Cyclic Voltammetry 25 2.2.2 Pulse Voltammetry Techniques 27 2.2.3 Normal Pulse Voltammetry 27 2.2.4 Differential Pulse Voltammetry 28 2.2.5 Square Wave Voltammetry 28 2.2.6 Stripping Voltammetry 29 2.3 Applications of Voltammetric Techniques in Food Analysis 31 2.3.1 Food Contaminants: Heavy Metals, Pesticides, and Toxic Substances 31 2.3.2 Trace Essential Elements 35 2.3.3 Food Additives 35 2.3.4 Nutraceuticals: Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids, and Others 40 2.4 Concluding Remarks 44 Abbreviations 44 References 44 3. Flow-Injection Analysis with Electrochemical Detection 49 ; Fabiana Silva Felix and Lúcio Angnes 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Screening the Literature 51 3.3 Voltammetry under Flowing Stream 52 3.4 Flow Injection Analysis Principles 52 3.4.1 Liquid Propulsion in FIA 54 3.4.2 Methods of Sample Introduction in an FIA System 56 3.4.3 Flow Cell Designs 57 3.5 Batch Injection Analysis Principles 58 3.6 Sequential Injection Analysis Principles 60 3.7 Applications 61 3.7.1 FIA and Voltammetric Detection–A Happy Marriage 61 3.7.2 BIA with Voltammetric Detection 64 3.7.3 SIA with Voltammetric Detection 65 3.8 Advantages of Voltammetry under Flowing Stream 66 3.9 Concluding Remarks 67 Acknowledgments 67 References 67 4. HPLC Techniques with Electrochemical Detection 73 ; Manuel Chicharro Santamar´ya, Mónica Moreno Barambio and Alberto Sánchez Arribas 4.1 Introduction 73 4.2 Fundamentals 75 4.2.1 Electrochemical Cell 75 4.2.1.1 Electrode Materials 76 4.2.1.2 Flow-Cell Designs 77 4.2.1.3 Operation Modes 80 4.2.2 Development of HPLC-ED Methods 85 4.2.2.1 Getting Started 86 4.2.2.2 Hydrodynamic Voltammograms 86 4.2.2.3 Mobile Phase Composition 87 4.2.2.4 Temperature 89 4.2.2.5 Flow Rate 90 4.2.2.6 Electrode Treatment 90 4.2.2.7 Gradient Elution 91 4.2.2.8 Maintenance of HPLC-ED Systems 91 4.3 Analytical Designs and Performance 92 4.3.1 Natural Constituents 92 4.3.1.1 Carbohydrates 92 4.3.1.2 Amino Acids 94 4.3.1.3 Vitamins 96 4.3.1.4 Natural Phenolic Compounds 97 4.3.2 Nonanthropogenic Contaminants 98 4.3.2.1 Biogenic Amines 98 4.3.2.2 Mycotoxins 100 4.3.3 Anthropogenic Contaminants 101 4.3.3.1 Antibiotics 101 4.3.3.2 Pesticides (Herbicides, Insecticides, and Fungicides) 102 4.4 Concluding Remarks 104 References 105 5. Capillary Electrophoresis with Electrochemical Detection 117 ; Gang Chen 5.1 Introduction 117 5.2 Separation Techniques in Agricultural and Food Analysis 118 5.3 ECD in the CE Analysis of Foods and Agricultural Products 119 5.3.1 Amperometric Detection 119 5.3.2 Conductivity Detection and Potentiometric Detection 120 5.4 Instrumentations of CE-ECD 121 5.5 Determination of Nutritions by CE-ECD 122 5.5.1 Amino Acids and Peptides 122 5.5.2 Carbohydrates 124 5.5.3 Vitamins 126 5.5.4 Ions 127 5.6 Determination of Phenolic Compounds by CE-ECD 127 5.6.1 Phenols in Tea 127 5.6.2 Phenols in Coffee 127 5.6.3 Phenols in Wines 127 5.6.4 Phenols in Herbal Drugs 128 5.6.5 Flavones in Herbal Drugs 128 5.7 Determination of Purines by CE-ECD 130 5.8 Determination of Food Additives by CE-ECD 130 5.8.1 Preservatives 130 5.8.2 Antioxidants 131 5.8.3 Colors 131 5.8.4 Artificial Sweeteners 131 5.9 Summary 131 Abbreviations 132 Acknowledgments 132 References 133 Part II Electrochemical Sensing in Food Analysis 137 6. Microelectrode Designs 139 ; Jonathan P. Metters and Craig E. Banks 6.1 Introduction 139 6.2 Microfabrication Techniques 142 6.2.1 Lithography and Related Processes (Deposition, Sputtering, Other Relevant Technologies) 142 6.3 Screen-Printing for Producing Electrochemical Sensors 149 6.3.1 Improving Mass Transport 151 6.3.2 Metal Oxide Electrodes, Metal and Nano and Micro Modified Screen-Printed Sensors 159 6.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 161 References 161 7. Potentiometric Sensors 169 ; Geza Nagy and L´yvia Nagy 7.1 Introduction 169 7.2 The Types of Potentiometry 169 7.2.1 Potentiometric Stripping Analysis 170 7.2.2 Zero Current Potentiometry 171 7.2.3 Direct Potentiometry 175 7.2.4 Titrimetric Methods 177 7.3 The Selectivity of Ion-selective Electrodes and Its Determination 178 7.3.1 The Selectivity Coefficient 178 7.3.2 Separate Solution and Mixed Solution Methods 178 7.3.2.1 Separation Solution Methods 179 7.3.2.2 Mixed Solution Methods 180 7.4 Measuring Electrodes Used in Potentiometric Analysis 181 7.4.1 Ion-selective Field Effect Transistors 183 7.4.2 Severinghaus-type Probes 183 7.4.3 Potentiometric Enzyme Electrodes 184 7.5 Special Tasks 185 7.5.1 pH Measurements 185 7.5.2 Miscellaneous Analytical Tasks by Potentiometric Methods 190 7.6 Application of Potentiometric Measurements for Anions 191 7.6.1 Determination of Chloride Ion Concentration 191 7.6.1.1 Measurement of Cl− Concentration in Milk 192 7.6.1.2 Measurement of Cl− Concentration in Meat and Meat Products 192 7.6.1.3 Measurement of Cl− Concentration in Butter 192 7.6.1.4 Measurement of Cl− Concentration in Mayonnaise 192 7.6.1.5 Measurement of Cl− Concentration in Soil Samples 192 7.6.1.6 Chloride Ion Determination in Fruit Juice 193 7.6.2 Determination of Fluoride Ion Concentration 193 7.6.2.1 Fluoride Content of Wines 194 7.6.3 Applications of EPA Methods for Anion and Cation Analysis 194 7.6.4 Determination of Potassium Ion Concentration 195 7.6.5 Determination of Nitrate Ion Concentration 195 7.6.5.1 Nitrate Contain of Vegetables 195 7.6.6 Determination of Calcium Ion Concentration 197 7.6.7 Determination of Sweetening Additive Concentration 197 7.6.8 Determination of Fumaric Acid Concentration
• Publisher Details: Chichester, West Sussex : Wiley
• Publication Date: 2015
• Extent: 1 online resource, illustrations
• Subjects: 664.07; Food -- Analysis; Electrochemical analysis
• Languages: English
• ISBNs: 9781118684085
• Related ISBNs: 9781119961864
• Notes: Note: Includes bibliographical references and index.
• Access Rights: Legal Deposit; Only available on premises controlled by the deposit library and to one user at any one time; The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK).
• Access Usage: Restricted: Printing from this resource is governed by The Legal Deposit Libraries (Non-Print Works) Regulations (UK) and UK copyright law currently in force.