Evaluating the effectiveness of coastal environmental management policies in China: The case of Bohai Sea. (15th July 2023)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Xiang, Jinzhao; Cui, Tingwei; Li, Xuyan; Zhang, Qian; Mu, Bing; Liu, Rongjie; Zhao, Wenjing
• Is Part Of: Journal of environmental management. Volume 338(2023)
• Publication Date: 2023-07-15
• Subjects: Coastal pollution -- Environmental management -- Secchi disk depth -- Forel-Ule index -- Ocean color -- Bohai sea; Environmental policy -- Periodicals; Environmental management -- Periodicals; Environment -- Periodicals; Ecology -- Periodicals; 363.705
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117812
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0301-4797

Abstract

Abstract: With marine pollution issues becoming serious and widespread, a series of coastal environmental managemental policies are being carried out worldwide, the effectiveness of which requires comprehensive evaluation. Taking the Bohai Sea (BS) of China as an example, which has been plagued by serious ecological and environmental issues for decades due to terrestrial pollution discharge, this study explored and quantified, for the first time to our best knowledge, the variability of water quality after initiating a dedicated 3-year pollution control action (Uphill Battle for Integrated Bohai Sea Management, UBIBM, 2018–2020) implemented by China's central government, with two water quality indexes of water color (Forel-Ule index, FUI ) and transparency (Secchi disk depth, Z SD, m ) from satellite observations. During the UBIBM, a significant improvement in water quality was detected, characterized by a clearer and bluer BS, with Z SD and FUI improved by 14.1% and 3.2%, respectively, compared with the baseline period (2011–2017). In addition, an abrupt drop in the long-term record (2011–2022) of the coverage area of highly turbid waters ( Z SD ≤2 m or FUI ≥8) was found in 2018, which coincided with the start of the UBIBM, indicating that the water quality improvement may be attributed to the pollution alleviation of the UBIBM. Independent data of land-based pollution statistics also supported this deduction. (3) Compared with the previous two pollution control actions in the first decade of 21st century, UBIBM was proved to be the most successful one in terms of the achieved highest transparency and lowest FUI during the past two decades. Reasons for the achievement and implications to future pollution control are discussed for a more sustainable and balanced improvement in the coastal environment. This research provides a valuable example that satellite remote sensing can play a vital role in the management of coastal ecosystems by providing effective evaluation of pollution control actions. Graphical abstract: Image 1 Highlights: Nation-led coastal pollution control was evaluated by satellite remote sensing. The BS turned clearer and bluer during the pollution control period (2018–2020). The FUI and Z SD of the BS have improved to the status of the early 2000s. The UBIBM is the most successful pollution control action over the past 20 years.