The proinflammatory effects of chronic excessive exercise. (July 2019)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: da Rocha, Alisson L.; Pinto, Ana P.; Kohama, Eike B.; Pauli, José R.; de Moura, Leandro P.; Cintra, Dennys E.; Ropelle, Eduardo R.; da Silva, Adelino S.R.
• Is Part Of: Cytokine. Volume 119(2019)
• Page Start: 57
• Page End: 61
• Publication Date: 2019-07
• Subjects: Overtraining -- Inflammation -- Insulin signaling pathway -- Endoplasmic reticulum stress -- Hepatic fat accumulation -- Pathological cardiac hypertrophy; Cytokines -- Periodicals; 571.844
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.02.016
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1043-4666

Abstract

Highlights: Excessive training leads to negative outcomes in multiple tissues. Recent data about excessive training did not support the cytokine hypothesis. Cytokines did not play a central role in performance decrement. Abstract: Chronic moderate-intensity exercise is an efficient non-pharmacological strategy to prevent and treat several diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, cancers, and Parkinson's disease. On the other hand, improving an athlete's performance requires completing high-intensity and volume exercise sessions. When the delicate balance between high-load exercise sessions and adequate recovery periods is disrupted, excessive training (known as overtraining) can lead to performance decline. The cytokine hypothesis considers that an imbalance involving excessive exercise and inadequate recovery induces musculoskeletal trauma, increasing the production and release of proinflammatory cytokines, mainly interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta), which interact with different organic systems, initiating most of the signs and symptoms linked to performance decrement. This leading article used recent data to discuss the scientific basis of Smith's cytokine theory and highlighted that the adverse effects of excessive exercise go beyond performance decline, proposing a multi-organ approach for this issue. These recent insights will allow coaches and exercise physiologists to develop strategies to avoid chronic excessive exercise-induced adverse outcomes.