Recognition of gasoline in fire debris using machine learning: Part II, application of a neural network. (March 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Bogdal, C.; Schellenberg, R.; Lory, M.; Bovens, M.; Höpli, O.
• Is Part Of: Forensic science international. Volume 332(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-03
• Subjects: Fire debris -- Deep learning -- Neural network -- Chemometrics -- Arson -- Classification; Medical jurisprudence -- Periodicals; Chemistry, Forensic -- Periodicals; Forensic Medicine -- Periodicals; Médecine légale -- Périodiques; Chimie légale -- Périodiques; Gerechtelijke geneeskunde; Gerechtelijke chemie; Gerechtelijke psychiatrie; Chemistry, Forensic; Medical jurisprudence; Electronic journals; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 614.1
• DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111177
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0379-0738

Abstract

Highlights: Fire debris samples are classified by machine learning algorithms into the categories with/without gasoline. GC-MS data is converted into images, which afterwards were to be classified by a convolutional neural network (CNN). Different approaches to include the tabular GC-MS data into bitmap images were tested. The applied methods succeed to classify test samples correctly into the corresponding category (with/without gasoline). The presented approach has an enormous potential for other similar pattern recognition tasks in forensic chemistry. Abstract: The recognition of ignitable liquid (IL) residues in fire debris is a resource intensive but key part of an arson investigation. Due to the highly diverse and heavily loaded chemical matrix of fire debris samples, combined with the broad chemical composition of IL, the interpretation of the laboratory analysis results is a very challenging task for the forensic examiner. Fire debris samples are commonly analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This method delivers both the total ion chromatogram (TIC) with the individually separated compounds and the underlying mass spectrum of each of the separated compounds. In this study, a completely new approach for the recognition of gasoline in fire debris samples is presented. First, the GC-MS data, including retention time, signal intensity, and mass spectrum is converted into a bitmap image. Five different data-to-image conversion approaches are tested, and their advantages and limitations are discussed. Subsequently, a convolutional neural network (CNN) is utilized to allocate the generated images to the classes "with gasoline" or "without gasoline". The applied approaches to generate a digital image and the pattern recognition of the CNN perform very well in the classification of unknown test samples. Depending on the data-to-image generation approach used, the rate of correct sample classification in the test dataset is between 95% and 98%. The machine learning approach in this study, as well as the complementary method presented in an accompanying article, are not only useful for the recognition of gasoline in fire debris but are equally applicable to any additional areas in which the interpretation of complex chromatographic and mass spectrometric is required.