Characterization of slow pyrolysis products from three different cashew wastes. (May 2023)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Kaur, Ramandeep; Tarun Kumar, Valiveti; Krishna, Bhavya B.; Bhaskar, Thallada
• Is Part Of: Bioresource technology. Volume 376(2023)
• Publication Date: 2023-05
• Subjects: Slow pyrolysis -- Cashew skin -- Cashew shell -- De-oiled shell cake -- Bio-oil -- Bio-char; Biomass -- Periodicals; Biomass energy -- Periodicals; Bioremediation -- Periodicals; Agricultural wastes -- Periodicals; Factory and trade waste -- Periodicals; Organic wastes -- Periodicals; Bioénergie -- Périodiques; Déchets agricoles -- Périodiques; Déchets industriels -- Périodiques; Déchets organiques -- Périodiques; Déchets (Combustible) -- Périodiques; 662.88
• DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128859
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0960-8524

Abstract

Graphical abstract: Highlights: Valorisation of cashew skin (CS), shell (CSW), and deoiled cake (CDC) by slow pyrolysis at different temperatures. 37.1, 48.6, and 54.9 wt% were observed as the maximum bio-oil yield for CS, CDC, and CSW respectively. Optimised slow pyrolysis bio-oil for all three wastes is rich in phenolics. GC-MS, FTIR, and 1 HNMR revealed the different functionalities in bio-oil. XRD, SEM, FTIR, elemental analysis and Py-GC/MS disclosed the nature of biochar. Abstract: A huge amount of waste is generated by the cashew processing industries. This study aims to valorise these cashew wastes generated at different levels while processing cashew nuts in factories. The feedstocks include cashew skin, cashew shell and cashew shell de-oiled cake. Slow pyrolysis of these three different cashew wastes was performed at varying temperatures (300-500℃) at a heating rate of 10℃/min in a lab scale glass-tubular reactor under inert atmosphere of nitrogen with flow rate of 50 ml/min. The total bio-oil yield for cashew skin and the de-oiled shell cake was 37.1 and 48.6 wt% at 400℃ and 450℃, respectively. However, the maximum bio-oil yield obtained for cashew shell waste was 54.9 wt% at 500℃. The bio-oil was analysed using GC-MS, FTIR, and NMR. Along with the various functionalities observed in bio-oil through GC-MS, phenolics were observed to have maximum area% for all the feedstocks at all temperatures. At all the slow pyrolysis temperatures, cashew skin led to more biochar yield (40 wt%) as compared to cashew de-oiled cake (26 wt%) and cashew shell waste (22 wt%). Biochar was characterized by various analytical tools such as XRD, FTIR, Proximate analyser, CHNS, Py-GC/MS and SEM. Characterization of biochar revealed its carbonaceous and amorphous nature along with porosity.