Why forest fails to recover after repeated wildfires in Amazonian floodplains? Experimental evidence on tree recruitment limitation. (26th September 2021)
- Record Type:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- Why forest fails to recover after repeated wildfires in Amazonian floodplains? Experimental evidence on tree recruitment limitation. (26th September 2021)
- Main Title:
- Why forest fails to recover after repeated wildfires in Amazonian floodplains? Experimental evidence on tree recruitment limitation
- Authors:
- Flores, Bernardo M.
Holmgren, Milena - Abstract:
- Abstract: Amazonian floodplain forests are particularly vulnerable to wildfires that spread during extreme droughts, causing large‐scale forest dieback. After a second wildfire, these forests persist trapped with low tree cover and empty seed banks, yet the mechanisms that could explain this arrested succession remain unknown. Here we use a 4‐year field experiment to test whether tree recruitment failures in burnt floodplain forests are caused by environmental filtering, limiting early seedling emergence and establishment. We sowed seeds and planted seedlings of six floodplain trees with contrasting life strategies, and tested the roles of environmental filters by comparing tree seedling performances under different habitats (i.e. unburned forest, forest edge with burnt site, forest burnt once and forest burnt twice), and by manipulating soil root mats and herbaceous cover. Our results show that seedling emergence was around 15% across all habitats. In general, seedlings performed best in burnt forests. Seedling growth was highest in forests burnt once, possibly because of high nutrient availability after fire. In forests burnt twice, tree seedlings grew relatively less, as nutrients become limiting due to flood erosion; yet, seedlings survived longer, possibly because of lower competition with sparse, naturally recruiting trees. We found similar patterns for seedlings that emerged in the field from sowed seeds. Synthesis . Our experimental evidence suggests thatAbstract: Amazonian floodplain forests are particularly vulnerable to wildfires that spread during extreme droughts, causing large‐scale forest dieback. After a second wildfire, these forests persist trapped with low tree cover and empty seed banks, yet the mechanisms that could explain this arrested succession remain unknown. Here we use a 4‐year field experiment to test whether tree recruitment failures in burnt floodplain forests are caused by environmental filtering, limiting early seedling emergence and establishment. We sowed seeds and planted seedlings of six floodplain trees with contrasting life strategies, and tested the roles of environmental filters by comparing tree seedling performances under different habitats (i.e. unburned forest, forest edge with burnt site, forest burnt once and forest burnt twice), and by manipulating soil root mats and herbaceous cover. Our results show that seedling emergence was around 15% across all habitats. In general, seedlings performed best in burnt forests. Seedling growth was highest in forests burnt once, possibly because of high nutrient availability after fire. In forests burnt twice, tree seedlings grew relatively less, as nutrients become limiting due to flood erosion; yet, seedlings survived longer, possibly because of lower competition with sparse, naturally recruiting trees. We found similar patterns for seedlings that emerged in the field from sowed seeds. Synthesis . Our experimental evidence suggests that environmental filtering related to soil nutrient limitations may slow down forest recovery after repeated wildfires. Yet, our findings showing that floodplain trees are able to germinate from seeds and establish successfully in twice burnt forests suggest that seed limitation may be the reason why forest recovery fails persistently. A corollary to the problem is that repeatedly burnt forests seem to be trapped by a self‐reinforcing feedback, in which low tree cover reduces seed dispersal and consequently seed availability, keeping tree cover low. Overall, our findings indicate that active restoration initiatives based on seeding native tree species may help accelerating the recovery of degraded floodplain forests after repeated wildfires. Abstract : Our experimental evidence suggests that soil nutrient limitations may slow down forest recovery after repeated wildfires in Amazonian floodplains. Yet, because floodplain trees are able to germinate from seeds and establish successfully in twice burnt forests, seed limitation seems to be the reason why forest recovery fails persistently. Seeding native tree species may hence be the best strategy to restore these degraded forests. Resumo: As florestas de igapó na Amazônia são particularmente vulneráveis a incêndios que se espalham durante secas extremas, causando a morte de árvores em grande escala. Após um segundo incêndio, essas florestas persistem com baixa cobertura de árvores e bancos de sementes vazios, porém os mecanismos que poderiam explicar essa sucessão aprisionada permanecem desconhecidos. Aqui usamos um experimento de campo de quatro anos para testar se as falhas de recrutamento de árvores em florestas de igapó queimadas são causadas por filtros ambientais, limitando a germinação e o estabelecimento de plântulas. Semeamos e plantamos mudas de seis espécies árvores de igapó com distintas estratégias de vida e testamos os papéis dos filtros ambientais, comparando o desempenho das mudas em diferentes habitats (ou seja, floresta não queimada, borda da floresta com local queimado, floresta queimada uma vez e floresta queimada duas vezes), e pela manipulação do tapete de raízes do solo e cobertura herbácea. Nossos resultados mostram que a germinação de plântulas foi de aproximadamente 15% em todos os habitats. Em geral, as mudas tiveram melhor desempenho em florestas queimadas. O crescimento das mudas foi maior em florestas queimadas uma vez, possivelmente devido à alta disponibilidade de nutrientes após o fogo. Em florestas queimadas duas vezes, as mudas de árvores cresceram relativamente menos, pois os nutrientes se tornaram limitantes devido à erosão pelas inundações; no entanto, as mudas sobreviveram por mais tempo, possivelmente devido à menor competição com árvores de recrutamento natural. Encontramos padrões semelhantes para mudas que germinaram no campo a partir de semeadura. Síntese . Nossa evidência experimental sugere que a erosão dos nutrientes do solo pode retardar a recuperação da floresta após repetidos incêndios florestais. No entanto, nossos resultados mostrando que as árvores de igapó são capazes de germinar a partir de sementes e se estabelecerem com sucesso em florestas queimadas duas vezes sugerem que a limitação de sementes pode ser a razão principal pela qual a recuperação florestal falha persistentemente. Um corolário do problema é que florestas queimadas repetidamente parecem estar presas por um mecanismo de retro‐alimentação, no qual a baixa cobertura de árvores reduz a dispersão de sementes e, conseqüentemente, a disponibilidade de sementes, mantendo a cobertura de árvores baixa. No geral, nossos resultados indicam que iniciativas de restauração ativa com base na semeadura de espécies de árvores nativas podem ajudar a acelerar a recuperação de florestas de igapó degradadas por incêndios florestais repetidos. … (more)
- Is Part Of:
- Journal of ecology. Volume 109:Number 10(2021)
- Journal:
- Journal of ecology
- Issue:
- Volume 109:Number 10(2021)
- Issue Display:
- Volume 109, Issue 10 (2021)
- Year:
- 2021
- Volume:
- 109
- Issue:
- 10
- Issue Sort Value:
- 2021-0109-0010-0000
- Page Start:
- 3473
- Page End:
- 3486
- Publication Date:
- 2021-09-26
- Subjects:
- arrested succession -- climate change -- extreme drought -- igapó -- resilience -- seed dispersal -- seedling establishment -- tropical forests
Plant ecology -- Periodicals
577.05 - Journal URLs:
- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2745 ↗
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ ↗ - DOI:
- 10.1111/1365-2745.13769 ↗
- Languages:
- English
- ISSNs:
- 0022-0477
- Deposit Type:
- Legaldeposit
- View Content:
- Available online (eLD content is only available in our Reading Rooms) ↗
- Physical Locations:
- British Library DSC - 4972.000000
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British Library HMNTS - ELD Digital store - Ingest File:
- 26816.xml