Assessing the camera trap methodologies used to estimate density of unmarked populations. Issue 8 (17th June 2021)
- Record Type:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- Assessing the camera trap methodologies used to estimate density of unmarked populations. Issue 8 (17th June 2021)
- Main Title:
- Assessing the camera trap methodologies used to estimate density of unmarked populations
- Authors:
- Palencia, Pablo
Rowcliffe, J. Marcus
Vicente, Joaquín
Acevedo, Pelayo - Abstract:
- Abstract: Population density estimations are essential for wildlife management and conservation. Camera traps have become a promising cost‐effective tool, for which several methods have been described to estimate population density when individuals are unrecognizable (i.e. unmarked populations). However, comparative tests of their applicability and performance are scarce. Here, we have compared three methods based on camera traps to estimate population density without individual recognition: Random Encounter Model (REM), Random Encounter and Staying Time (REST) and Distance Sampling with camera traps (CT‐DS). Comparisons were carried out in terms of consistency with one another, precision and cost‐effectiveness. We considered six natural populations with a wide range of densities, and three species with different behavioural traits (red deer Cervus elaphus, wild boar Sus scrofa and red fox Vulpes vulpes ). In three of these populations, we obtained independent density estimates as a reference. The densities estimated ranged from 0.23 individuals/km 2 (fox) to 34.87 individuals/km 2 (red deer). We did not find significant differences in terms of density values estimated by the three methods in five out of six populations, but REM has a tendency to generate higher average density values than REST and CT‐DS. Regarding the independents' densities, REM results were not significantly different in any population, and REST and CT‐DS were significantly different in one population.Abstract: Population density estimations are essential for wildlife management and conservation. Camera traps have become a promising cost‐effective tool, for which several methods have been described to estimate population density when individuals are unrecognizable (i.e. unmarked populations). However, comparative tests of their applicability and performance are scarce. Here, we have compared three methods based on camera traps to estimate population density without individual recognition: Random Encounter Model (REM), Random Encounter and Staying Time (REST) and Distance Sampling with camera traps (CT‐DS). Comparisons were carried out in terms of consistency with one another, precision and cost‐effectiveness. We considered six natural populations with a wide range of densities, and three species with different behavioural traits (red deer Cervus elaphus, wild boar Sus scrofa and red fox Vulpes vulpes ). In three of these populations, we obtained independent density estimates as a reference. The densities estimated ranged from 0.23 individuals/km 2 (fox) to 34.87 individuals/km 2 (red deer). We did not find significant differences in terms of density values estimated by the three methods in five out of six populations, but REM has a tendency to generate higher average density values than REST and CT‐DS. Regarding the independents' densities, REM results were not significantly different in any population, and REST and CT‐DS were significantly different in one population. The precision obtained was not significantly different between methods, with average coefficients of variation of 0.28 (REST), 0.36 (REM) and 0.42 (CT‐DS). The REST method required the lowest human effort. Synthesis and applications . Our results show that all of the methods examined can work well, with each having particular strengths and weaknesses. Broadly, Random Encounter and Staying Time (REST) could be recommended in scenarios of high abundance, Distance Sampling with camera traps (CT‐DS) in those of low abundance while Random Encounter Model (REM) can be recommended when camera trap performance is not optimal, as it can be applied with less risk of bias. This broadens the applicability of camera trapping for estimating densities of unmarked populations using information exclusively obtained from camera traps. This strengthens the case for scientifically based camera trapping as a cost‐effective method to provide reference estimates for wildlife managers, including within multi‐species monitoring programmes. Abstract : Our results show that all of the methods examined can work well, with each having particular strengths and weaknesses. Broadly, Random Encounter and Staying Time (REST) could be recommended in scenarios of high abundance, Distance Sampling with camera traps (CT‐DS) in those of low abundance while Random Encounter Model (REM) can be recommended when camera trap performance is not optimal, as it can be applied with less risk of bias. This broadens the applicability of camera trapping for estimating densities of unmarked populations using information exclusively obtained from camera traps. This strengthens the case for scientifically based camera trapping as a cost‐effective method to provide reference estimates for wildlife managers, including within multi‐species monitoring programmes. Resumen: Las estimas de la densidad poblacional de la fauna silvestre son esenciales para su manejo y conservación. Las cámaras trampa se han convertido en una herramienta rentable y prometedora, para la cual se han descrito varios métodos para estimar densidad cuando los individuos son irreconocibles (es decir, especies sin un patrón de manchas en el pelaje que permita distinguir individuos). Sin embargo, los estudios comparativos que permitan evaluar el rendimiento de varios métodos son escasos. En este trabajo hemos comparado tres métodos basados en cámaras trampa para estimar la densidad de población sin reconocimiento individual: Modelo de encuentro aleatorio (REM), Modelo de encuentro aleatorio y tiempo de permanencia (REST) y muestreo de distancias con cámaras trampa (CT‐DS). Las comparaciones se llevaron a cabo en términos de consistencia entre sí, precisión y esfuerzo. Se consideraron seis poblaciones naturales con un amplio rango de densidades y tres especies con diferentes comportamientos (ciervo Cervus elaphus, jabalí Sus scrofa y zorro Vulpes vulpes ). Además, en tres de estas poblaciones, obtuvimos estimas de densidad independientes como valores de referencia. Las densidades estimadas tomaron valores entre 0, 23 individuos·km −2 (zorro) a 34, 87 individuos·km −2 (ciervo). No encontramos diferencias significativas en los valores de densidad estimados por los tres métodos en cinco de seis poblaciones, pero REM tiene una tendencia a generar valores de densidad medios más altos que REST y CT‐DS. Con respecto a las densidades obtenidas con métodos de referencia, los resultados de REM no fueron significativamente diferentes en ninguna población, mientras que REST y CT‐DS fueron significativamente diferentes en una. La precisión obtenida no fue significativamente diferente entre métodos, con coeficientes de variación promedio de 0.28 (REST), 0.36 (REM) y 0.42 (CT‐DS). El método REST requirió el menor esfuerzo. Síntesis y aplicaciones . Nuestros resultados muestran que todos los métodos examinados pueden funcionar bien, y cada uno tiene sus fortalezas y debilidades particulares. En términos generales, REST podría recomendarse en escenarios de alta densidad, CT‐DS en aquellos de baja densidad, mientras que REM puede recomendarse cuando el rendimiento de la cámara trampa no es óptimo, ya que se puede aplicar con menos riesgo de sesgo. Esto amplía la aplicabilidad del fototrampeo para estimar las densidades de poblaciones no marcadas utilizando información obtenida exclusivamente de las cámaras trampa; y refuerza los métodos de fototrampeo con base científica como herramienta para estimar valores de referencia de utilidad para gestores de la fauna silvestre, incluso dentro de los programas de seguimiento de varias especies. … (more)
- Is Part Of:
- Journal of applied ecology. Volume 58:Issue 8(2021)
- Journal:
- Journal of applied ecology
- Issue:
- Volume 58:Issue 8(2021)
- Issue Display:
- Volume 58, Issue 8 (2021)
- Year:
- 2021
- Volume:
- 58
- Issue:
- 8
- Issue Sort Value:
- 2021-0058-0008-0000
- Page Start:
- 1583
- Page End:
- 1592
- Publication Date:
- 2021-06-17
- Subjects:
- abundance -- carnivores -- Distance Sampling -- Random Encounter and Staying Time -- Random Encounter Model -- remote sensing -- ungulates -- wildlife monitoring
Agriculture -- Periodicals
Biology, Economic -- Periodicals
Agricultural ecology -- Periodicals
Applied ecology -- Periodicals
577 - Journal URLs:
- http://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2664/ ↗
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ ↗
http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/member/institutions/issuelist.asp?journal=jpe ↗ - DOI:
- 10.1111/1365-2664.13913 ↗
- Languages:
- English
- ISSNs:
- 0021-8901
- Deposit Type:
- Legaldeposit
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- Available online (eLD content is only available in our Reading Rooms) ↗
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