New‐onset type 1 diabetes and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Issue 3 (10th January 2023)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Anindya, Roy; Rutter, Guy A; Meur, Gargi
• Is Part Of: Immunology and cell biology. Volume 101:Issue 3(2023)
• Page Start: 191
• Page End: 203
• Publication Date: 2023-01-10
• Subjects: autoimmune response -- COVID‐19 -- new‐onset diabetes -- pancreatic islet β cells -- SARS‐CoV‐2 -- type 1 diabetes; Immunology -- Periodicals; Cytology -- Periodicals; 616.079
• DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12615
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0818-9641

Abstract

Abstract: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a condition characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin. Loss of insulin‐producing pancreatic islet β cells is one of the many causes of T1D. Viral infections have long been associated with new‐onset T1D and the balance between virulence and host immunity determines whether the viral infection would lead to T1D. Herein, we detail the dynamic interaction of pancreatic β cells with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and the host immune system with respect to new‐onset T1D. Importantly, β cells express the crucial entry receptors and multiple studies confirmed that β cells are infected by SARS‐CoV‐2. Innate immune system effectors, such as natural killer cells, can eliminate such infected β cells. Although CD4 + CD25 + FoxP3 + regulatory T (TREG ) cells provide immune tolerance to prevent the destruction of the islet β‐cell population by autoantigen‐specific CD8 + T cells, it can be speculated that SARS‐CoV‐2 infection may compromise self‐tolerance by depleting TREG ‐cell numbers or diminishing TREG ‐cell functions by repressing Forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) expression. However, the expansion of β cells by self‐duplication, and regeneration from progenitor cells, could effectively replace lost β cells. Appearance of islet autoantibodies following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection was reported in a few cases, which could imply a breakdown of immune tolerance in the pancreatic islets. However, many of the cases with newly diagnosed autoimmune response following SARS‐CoV‐2 infection also presented with significantly high HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) levels that indicated progression of an already set diabetes, rather than new‐onset T1D. Here we review the potential underlying mechanisms behind loss of functional β‐cell mass as a result of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection that can trigger new‐onset T1D. Abstract : In this article, we discuss the role of a noncytopathic mechanism of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection that could compromise peripheral immunotolerance by depleting regulatory T cells and facilitate the destruction of β cells by autoantigen‐specific CD8 + T cells in the pancreatic islet milieu. We also discussed the clinical evidence demonstrating the potential loss of islet β cells by direct SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Additional insights into the possible link between β‐cell surface expression of SARS‐CoV‐2 entry receptors angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) and direct or indirect islet β‐cell damage contributing to new‐onset type 1 diabetes after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) are also described.