Morphology, flow dynamics and evolution of englacial conduits in cold ice. Issue 2 (29th December 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Kamintzis, Jayne E.; Irvine‐Fynn, Tristram D. L.; Holt, Tom O.; Jones, John P. P.; Porter, Philip R.; Jennings, Stephen J. A.; Naegeli, Kathrin; Hubbard, Bryn
• Is Part Of: Earth surface processes and landforms. Volume 48:Issue 2(2023)
• Page Start: 415
• Page End: 432
• Publication Date: 2022-12-29
• Subjects: Arctic -- Austre Brøggerbreen -- englacial drainage -- morphology -- terrestrial laser scanning; Geomorphology -- Periodicals; 551.4
• DOI: 10.1002/esp.5494
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0197-9337

Abstract

Abstract: Meltwater routing through ice masses exerts a fundamental control over glacier dynamics and mass balance, and proglacial hydrology. However, despite recent advances in mapping drainage systems in cold, Arctic glaciers, direct observations of englacial channels and their flow conditions remain sparse. Here, using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) surveys of the main englacial channel of cold‐based Austre Brøggerbreen (Svalbard), we map and compare an entrance moulin reach (122 m long) and exit portal reach (273 m long). Analysis of channel planforms, longitudinal profiles, cross‐sections and morphological features reveals evidence of spatial variations in water flow conditions and channel incision mechanisms, and the presence of vadose, epiphreatic and phreatic conditions. The entrance reach, located at the base of a perennial moulin, was characterized by vadose, uniform, channel lowering at annual timescales, evidenced by longitudinal grooves, whereas the exit portal reach showed both epiphreatic and vadose conditions, along with upstream knickpoint migration at intra‐annual timescales. Fine‐scale features, including grooves and scallops, were readily quantified from the TLS point cloud, highlighting the capacity of the technique to inform palaeoflow conditions, and reveal how pulses of meltwater from rainfall events may adjust englacial conduit behaviour. With forecasts of increasing Arctic precipitation in the coming decades, and a progressively greater proportion of glaciers comprising cold ice, augmenting the current knowledge of englacial channel morphology is essential to constrain future glacier hydrological system change. Abstract : Using TLS surveys, we analyse the morphology of entrance and exit reaches of an englacial channel within Austre Brøggerbreen, Svalbard. We show evidence of variations in water flow, channel incision mechanisms and the co‐existence of vadose and epiphreatic conditions. We demonstrate active and rapid evolution of englacial channels in cold ice over a variety of timescales, and suggest that with Arctic warming, englacial drainage evolution is likely to accelerate, resulting in changes to ice dynamics and runoff water quality.