Oncologic outcomes of pre-malignant and invasive germ cell tumors in patients with differences in sex development – A systematic review. Issue 5 (October 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Morin, Jacqueline; Peard, Leslie; Vanadurongvan, Timothy; Walker, Jonathan; Dönmez, M. İrfan; Saltzman, Amanda F.
• Is Part Of: Journal of pediatric urology. Volume 16:Issue 5(2020)
• Page Start: 576
• Page End: 582
• Publication Date: 2020-10
• Subjects: Disorder of sex development -- Gonadoblastoma -- Germ cell tumor -- Seminoma -- Dysgerminoma; DSD differences in sex development -- Gb gonadoblastoma -- GCNIS germ cell neoplasia in situ -- GCT germ cell tumor -- RFS recurrence-free survival -- OS overall survival -- PMDS persistent Mullerian duct syndrome -- CAIS complete androgen insensitivity -- PAIS partial androgen insensitivity -- LWPES Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society -- ESPE European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology -- COG Children's Oncology Group; Pediatric urology -- Periodicals; Urologic Diseases -- Periodicals; Urogenital Diseases -- Periodicals; Urologic Surgical Procedures -- Periodicals; Child; Infant; Urologie pédiatrique -- Périodiques; Appareil urinaire -- Maladies -- Périodiques; Pédiatrie; Urologie; Pediatric urology; Périodique électronique (Descripteur de forme); Ressource Internet (Descripteur de forme); Electronic journals; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 618.926
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2020.05.002
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1477-5131

Abstract

Summary: Objective: To describe the rates of GCNIS-free and GCT-free pathology based on age at gonadal surgery and to describe long-term oncologic outcomes in patients with DSD who have GCNIS or GCT at the time of gonadal surgery. Study design: A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE to identify patients with DSD who underwent gonadal surgery. DSD diagnoses were stratified based on malignancy risk. GCNIS/GCT and GCT-free survival by age of gonadal surgery, RFS and OS were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method, with groups compared using log-rank testing. Results: 386 articles from 1951 to 2017 were included (2037 patients). Median age at gonadal surgery was 17 years (y) (IQR 11–20), median follow-up was 60 months (m) (IQR 30–68.1). GCNIS/GCT- and GCT-free survival at the time of gonadal surgery was lowest for those in the high/intermediate risk group (p < 0.001) but decreased sharply around age 15y, regardless of risk category. 5y RFS and OS was similar for those with no GCNIS/GCT and GCNIS and was worse for those with GCT (p < 0.001). Discussion: When patients undergo gonadal surgery, regardless of indication (i.e. prophylactic vs. tumor), it appears that GCTs are more commonly found when surgery is done around age 15 y or older, despite risk category. This is similar to ovarian and testicular GCTs. Patients with GCNIS can be reassured that long-term oncologic outcomes are excellent. While RFS and OS for GCTs are not as good as for ovarian and testicular GCTs (95%), they are still >80%. This similar trend was found in a COG review of 9 patients with DSD and ovarian GCT. There were several limitations to this study. This is a retrospective analysis that included aa wide time frame of publications. The indication for surgical intervention was not addressed in the majority of publications. Thus these data provide pathologic outcomes based on age at gonadal surgery rather than the age at which GCNIS/GCT develops over a lifetime, if at all. Conclusions: The risk of GCNIS or GCT at the time of gonadal surgery appears to increase with age, accelerating between 15 and 20y regardless of risk category. 5y RFS and OS for those with GCNIS is equivalent to those without GCNIS/GCT but is worse for those with GCT. These data may be used when counseling families on timing of gonadal surgery and quantification of outcomes should GCNIS or malignancy be identified. Summary Fig. Image 1