Statistical Temporal Variations in the Auroral Electrojet Estimated With Ground Magnetometers in Fennoscandia. Issue 1 (17th January 2023)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Walker, Simon; Laundal, Karl; Reistad, Jone; Ohma, Anders; Hatch, Spencer
• Is Part Of: Space weather. Volume 21:Issue 1(2023)
• Page Start: n/a
• Page End: n/a
• Publication Date: 2023-01-17
• Subjects: spherical elementary currents -- auroral electrojets -- ground induced currents -- ground magnetometers -- derivative of the radial magnetic field -- ultra low frequency waves; Space environment -- Periodicals; 551.509992
• DOI: 10.1029/2022SW003305
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1542-7390

Abstract

Abstract: We present the implementation of an improved technique to coherently model the high‐latitude ionospheric equivalent current. Using a fixed selection of 20 ground magnetometers in Fennoscandia, we present a method based on Spherical Elementary Current Systems (SECS) to model the currents coherently during 2000–2020. Due to the north‐south extent of the magnetometers, we focus on the model output along the 105° magnetic meridian. Our improvements involve fixed data locations and SECS analysis grid and using a priori knowledge of the large‐scale currents improving the robustness of the inverse problem solution. We account for contributions from ground induced currents assuming so‐called mirror currents. This study produces a new data set of divergence‐free (DF) currents and magnetic field perturbations along the 105° magnetic meridian with 1‐min resolution. By comparing averages of the data set with an empirical model of the ionosphere we demonstrate the validity of the data set. We show how our data set, in particular its temporal nature, is distinct from empirical models and other studies. Not only can the temporal evolution of the DF currents and magnetic field perturbations be investigated, but the time derivative of said quantities can be analyzed. For application in ground induced currents, we present the statistical properties of where (in magnetic latitude and local time) and at what rate ( ∂B r / ∂t ) the radial magnetic field component fluctuates, a temporal derivative that has received very little attention. We show that ∂B r / ∂t is dependent on latitude, local time, and solar cycle. We present other applications such as Ultra Low Frequency Waves monitoring. Plain Language Summary: A number of Sun driven processes that can lead to phenomena such as the northern and southern lights, generate electric currents within the ionosphere, an ionized part of the atmosphere. We use a fixed set of ground magnetic field measurements in Fennoscandia to robustly map these currents. Taking advantage of the regularity of the measurements, we not only produce a 20 year time series of the currents and magnetic field but also present statistics of the temporal change of disturbances in the radial magnetic field. This derivative is an important property in understanding the impacts of space weather on modern infrastructure, in particular it can cause large current spikes that disrupt power grids over a relatively large area. Key Points: A new inversion technique for Spherical Elementary Current analysis is implemented and tested A new data set based on a fixed set of ground magnetometers in Fennoscadia is presented We identify when and where temporal variations in the radial magnetic field are strongest