Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Issue 10304 (11th September 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Zhou, Bin; Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M; Danaei, Goodarz; Riley, Leanne M; Paciorek, Christopher J; Stevens, Gretchen A; Gregg, Edward W; Bennett, James E; Solomon, Bethlehem; Singleton, Rosie K; Sophiea, Marisa K; Iurilli, Maria LC; Lhoste, Victor PF; Cowan, Melanie J; Savin, Stefan; Woodward, Mark; Balanova, Yulia; Cifkova, Renata; Damasceno, Albertino; Elliott, Paul; Farzadfar, Farshad; He, Jiang; Ikeda, Nayu; Kengne, Andre P; Khang, Young-Ho; Kim, Hyeon Chang; Laxmaiah, Avula; Lin, Hsien-Ho; Margozzini Maira, Paula; Miranda, J Jaime; Neuhauser, Hannelore; Sundström, Johan; Varghese, Cherian; Widyahening, Indah S; Zdrojewski, Tomasz; Abarca-Gómez, Leandra; Abdeen, Ziad A; Abdul Rahim, Hanan F; Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M; Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin; Adams, Robert J; Aekplakorn, Wichai; Afsana, Kaosar; Afzal, Shoaib; Agdeppa, Imelda A; Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad; Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A; Agyemang, Charles; Ahmad, Noor Ani; Ahmadi, Ali; Ahmadi, Naser; Ahmadi, Nastaran; Ahmadizar, Fariba; Ahmed, Soheir H; Ahrens, Wolfgang; Ajlouni, Kamel; Al-Raddadi, Rajaa; Alarouj, Monira; AlBuhairan, Fadia; AlDhukair, Shahla; Ali, Mohamed M; Alkandari, Abdullah; Alkerwi, Ala'a; Allin, Kristine; Aly, Eman; Amarapurkar, Deepak N; Amougou, Norbert; Amouyel, Philippe; Andersen, Lars Bo; Anderssen, Sigmund A; Anjana, Ranjit Mohan; Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza; Ansong, Daniel; Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer; Araújo, Joana; Ariansen, Inger; Aris, Tahir; Arku, Raphael E; Arlappa, Nimmathota; Aryal, Krishna K; Aspelund, Thor; Assah, Felix K; Assunção, Maria Cecília F; Auvinen, Juha; Avdićová, Mária; Azevedo, Ana; Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen; Azizi, Fereidoun; Azmin, Mehrdad; Babu, Bontha V; Bahijri, Suhad; Balakrishna, Nagalla; Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed; Banach, Maciej; Banadinović, Maja; Bandosz, Piotr; Banegas, José R; Baran, Joanna; Barbagallo, Carlo M; Barceló, Alberto; Barkat, Amina; Barreto, Marta; Barros, Aluisio JD; Barros, Mauro Virgílio Gomes; Bartosiewicz, Anna; Basit, Abdul; Bastos, Joao Luiz D; Bata, Iqbal; Batieha, Anwar M; Batyrbek, Assembekov; Baur, Louise A; Beaglehole, Robert; Belavendra, Antonisamy; Ben Romdhane, Habiba; Benet, Mikhail; Benson, Lowell S; Berkinbayev, Salim; Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio; Bernotiene, Gailute; Bettiol, Heloísa; Bezerra, Jorge; Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor; Bhargava, Santosh K; Bia, Daniel; Biasch, Katia; Bika Lele, Elysée Claude; Bikbov, Mukharram M; Bista, Bihungum; Bjerregaard, Peter; Bjertness, Espen; Bjertness, Marius B; Björkelund, Cecilia; Bloch, Katia V; Blokstra, Anneke; Bo, Simona; Bobak, Martin; Boeing, Heiner; Boggia, Jose G; Boissonnet, Carlos P; Bojesen, Stig E; Bongard, Vanina; Bonilla-Vargas, Alice; Bopp, Matthias; Borghs, Herman; Bovet, Pascal; Boyer, Christopher B; Braeckman, Lutgart; Brajkovich, Imperia; Branca, Francesco; Breckenkamp, Juergen; Brenner, Hermann; Brewster, Lizzy M; Briceño, Yajaira; Brito, Miguel; Bruno, Graziella; Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas; Bueno, Gloria; Bugge, Anna; Burns, Con; Bursztyn, Michael; Cabrera de León, Antonio; Cacciottolo, Joseph; Cameron, Christine; Can, Günay; Cândido, Ana Paula C; Capanzana, Mario V; Čapková, Naděžda; Capuano, Eduardo; Capuano, Vincenzo; Cardoso, Viviane C; Carlsson, Axel C; Carvalho, Joana; Casanueva, Felipe F; Censi, Laura; Cervantes-Loaiza, Marvin; Chadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A; Chamukuttan, Snehalatha; Chan, Angelique W; Chan, Queenie; Chaturvedi, Himanshu K; Chaturvedi, Nish; Chee, Miao Li; Chen, Chien-Jen; Chen, Fangfang; Chen, Huashuai; Chen, Shuohua; Chen, Zhengming; Cheng, Ching-Yu; Cheraghian, Bahman; Cherkaoui Dekkaki, Imane; Chetrit, Angela; Chien, Kuo-Liong; Chiolero, Arnaud; Chiou, Shu-Ti; Chirita-Emandi, Adela; Chirlaque, María-Dolores; Cho, Belong; Christensen, Kaare; Christofaro, Diego G; Chudek, Jerzy; Cinteza, Eliza; Claessens, Frank; Clarke, Janine; Clays, Els; Cohen, Emmanuel; Concin, Hans; Cooper, Cyrus; Coppinger, Tara C; Costanzo, Simona; Cottel, Dominique; Cowell, Chris; Craig, Cora L; Crampin, Amelia C; Crujeiras, Ana B; Cruz, Juan J; Csilla, Semánová; Cui, Liufu; Cureau, Felipe V; Cuschieri, Sarah; D'Arrigo, Graziella; d'Orsi, Eleonora; Dallongeville, Jean; Dankner, Rachel; Dantoft, Thomas M; Dauchet, Luc; Davletov, Kairat; De Backer, Guy; De Bacquer, Dirk; De Curtis, Amalia; de Gaetano, Giovanni; De Henauw, Stefaan; de Oliveira, Paula Duarte; De Ridder, David; De Smedt, Delphine; Deepa, Mohan; Deev, Alexander D; DeGennaro, Vincent Jr; Delisle, Hélène; Demarest, Stefaan; Dennison, Elaine; Deschamps, Valérie; Dhimal, Meghnath; Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F; Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares; Diaz, Alejandro; Dickerson, Ty T; Dika, Zivka; Djalalinia, Shirin; Do, Ha TP; Dobson, Annette J; Donfrancesco, Chiara; Donoso, Silvana P; Döring, Angela; Dorobantu, Maria; Dörr, Marcus; Doua, Kouamelan; Dragano, Nico; Drygas, Wojciech; Duante, Charmaine A; Duboz, Priscilla; Duda, Rosemary B; Dulskiene, Virginija; Dushpanova, Anar; Džakula, Aleksandar; Dzerve, Vilnis; Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta; Eddie, Ricky; Eftekhar, Ebrahim; Eggertsen, Robert; Eghtesad, Sareh; Eiben, Gabriele; Ekelund, Ulf; El-Khateeb, Mohammad; El Ati, Jalila; Eldemire-Shearer, Denise; Eliasen, Marie; Elosua, Roberto; Erasmus, Rajiv T; Erbel, Raimund; Erem, Cihangir; Eriksen, Louise; Eriksson, Johan G; Escobedo-de la Peña, Jorge; Eslami, Saeid; Esmaeili, Ali; Evans, Alun; Faeh, David; Fakhretdinova, Albina A; Fall, Caroline H; Faramarzi, Elnaz; Farjam, Mojtaba; Fattahi, Mohammad Reza; Fawwad, Asher; Felix-Redondo, Francisco J; Felix, Stephan B; Ferguson, Trevor S; Fernandes, Romulo A; Fernández-Bergés, Daniel; Ferrante, Daniel; Ferrao, Thomas; Ferrari, Marika; Ferrario, Marco M; Ferreccio, Catterina; Ferreira, Haroldo S; Ferrer, Eldridge; Ferrieres, Jean; Figueiró, Thamara Hubler; Fink, Günther; Fischer, Krista; Foo, Leng Huat; Forsner, Maria; Fouad, Heba M; Francis, Damian K; Franco, Maria do Carmo; Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth; Frontera, Guillermo; Fuchs, Flavio D; Fuchs, Sandra C; Fujita, Yuki; Fumihiko, Matsuda; Furdela, Viktoriya; Furer, Ariel; Furusawa, Takuro; Gaciong, Zbigniew; Galbarczyk, Andrzej; Galenkamp, Henrike; Galvano, Fabio; Gao, Jingli; Gao, Pei; Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli; Garcia, Pablo; Gareta, Dickman; Garnett, Sarah P; Gaspoz, Jean-Michel; Gasull, Magda; Gazzinelli, Andrea; Gehring, Ulrike; Geleijnse, Johanna M; George, Ronnie; Ghanbari, Ali; Ghasemi, Erfan; Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina; Ghimire, Anup; Gialluisi, Alessandro; Giampaoli, Simona; Gieger, Christian; Gill, Tiffany K; Giovannelli, Jonathan; Gironella, Glen; Giwercman, Aleksander; Gkiouras, Konstantinos; Goldberg, Marcel; Goldsmith, Rebecca A; Gomez, Luis F; Gomula, Aleksandra; Gonçalves, Helen; Gonçalves, Mauer; Gonçalves Cordeiro da Silva, Bruna; Gonzalez-Chica, David A; Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela; González-Rivas, Juan P; González-Villalpando, Clicerio; González-Villalpando, María-Elena; Gonzalez, Angel R; Gorbea, Mariano Bonet; Gottrand, Frederic; Graff-Iversen, Sidsel; Grafnetter, Dušan; Grajda, Aneta; Grammatikopoulou, Maria G; Gregor, Ronald D; Grodzicki, Tomasz; Grosso, Giuseppe; Gruden, Gabriella; Gu, Dongfeng; Guan, Ong Peng; Gudmundsson, Elias F; Gudnason, Vilmundur; Guerrero, Ramiro; Guessous, Idris; Guimaraes, Andre L; Gulliford, Martin C; Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna; Gunter, Marc J; Gupta, Prakash C; Gupta, Rajeev; Gureje, Oye; Gurzkowska, Beata; Gutierrez, Laura; Gutzwiller, Felix; Ha, Seongjun; Hadaegh, Farzad; Haghshenas, Rosa; Hakimi, Hamid; Halkjær, Jytte; Hambleton, Ian R; Hamzeh, Behrooz; Hange, Dominique; Hanif, Abu AM; Hantunen, Sari; Hao, Jie; Hardman, Carla Menêses; Hari Kumar, Rachakulla; Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad; Hata, Jun; Haugsgjerd, Teresa; Hayes, Alison J; He, Yuna; Heier, Margit; Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth; Henrique, Rafael dos Santos; Henriques, Ana; Hernandez Cadena, Leticia; Herqutanto, ; Herrala, Sauli; Heshmat, Ramin; Hill, Allan G; Ho, Sai Yin; Ho, Suzanne C; Hobbs, Michael; Holdsworth, Michelle; Homayounfar, Reza; Horasan Dinc, Gonul; Horimoto, Andrea RVR; Hormiga, Claudia M; Horta, Bernardo L; Houti, Leila; Howitt, Christina; Htay, Thein Thein; Htet, Aung Soe; Htike, Maung Maung Than; Hu, Yonghua; Huerta, José María; Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani; Huiart, Laetitia; Huisman, Martijn; Husseini, Abdullatif S; Huybrechts, Inge; Hwalla, Nahla; Iacoviello, Licia; Iannone, Anna G; Ibrahim, Mohsen M; Ibrahim Wong, Norazizah; Ikram, M Arfan; Iotova, Violeta; Irazola, Vilma E; Ishida, Takafumi; Isiguzo, Godsent C; Islam, Muhammad; Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful; Iwasaki, Masanori; Jackson, Rod T; Jacobs, Jeremy M; Jaddou, Hashem Y; Jafar, Tazeen; James, Kenneth; Jamrozik, Konrad; Janszky, Imre; Janus, Edward; Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta; Jasienska, Grazyna; Jelaković, Ana; Jelaković, Bojan; Jennings, Garry; Jha, Anjani Kumar; Jiang, Chao Qiang; Jimenez, Ramon O; Jöckel, Karl-Heinz; Joffres, Michel; Johansson, Mattias; Jokelainen, Jari J; Jonas, Jost B; Jørgensen, Torben; Joshi, Pradeep; Joukar, Farahnaz; Jóżwiak, Jacek; Juolevi, Anne; Jurak, Gregor; Jureša, Vesna; Kaaks, Rudolf; Kafatos, Anthony; Kajantie, Eero O; Kalmatayeva, Zhanna; Kalpourtzi, Natasa; Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra; Kampmann, Freja B; Kannan, Srinivasan; Karaglani, Eva; Kårhus, Line L; Karki, Khem B; Katibeh, Marzieh; Katz, Joanne; Kauhanen, Jussi; Kaur, Prabhdeep; Kavousi, Maryam; Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M; Keil, Ulrich; Keinan Boker, Lital; Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka; Kelishadi, Roya; Kemper, Han CG; Keramati, Maryam; Kerimkulova, Alina; Kersting, Mathilde; Key, Timothy; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khalili, Davood; Khaw, Kay-Tee; Kheiri, Bahareh; Kheradmand, Motahareh; Khosravi, Alireza; Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula; Kiechl, Stefan; Killewo, Japhet; Kim, Dong Wook; Kim, Jeongseon; Klakk, Heidi; Klimek, Magdalena; Klumbiene, Jurate; Knoflach, Michael; Kolle, Elin; Kolsteren, Patrick; Kontto, Jukka P; Korpelainen, Raija; Korrovits, Paul; Kos, Jelena; Koskinen, Seppo; Kouda, Katsuyasu; Kowlessur, Sudhir; Koziel, Slawomir; Kratenova, Jana; Kriaucioniene, Vilma; Kristensen, Peter Lund; Krokstad, Steiner; Kromhout, Daan; Kruger, Herculina S; Kubinova, Ruzena; Kuciene, Renata; Kujala, Urho M; Kulaga, Zbigniew; Kumar, R Krishna; Kurjata, Pawel; Kusuma, Yadlapalli S; Kutsenko, Vladimir; Kuulasmaa, Kari; Kyobutungi, Catherine; Laatikainen, Tiina; Lachat, Carl; Laid, Youcef; Lam, Tai Hing; Landrove, Orlando; Lanska, Vera; Lappas, Georg; Larijani, Bagher; Latt, Tint Swe; Le Coroller, Gwenaëlle; Le Nguyen Bao, Khanh; Le, Tuyen D; Lee, Jeannette; Lee, Jeonghee; Lehmann, Nils; Lehtimäki, Terho; Lemogoum, Daniel; Levitt, Naomi S; Li, Yanping; Lilly, Christa L; Lim, Wei-Yen; Lima-Costa, M Fernanda; Lin, Xu; Lin, Yi-Ting; Lind, Lars; Lingam, Vijaya; Linneberg, Allan; Lissner, Lauren; Litwin, Mieczyslaw; Lo, Wei-Cheng; Loit, Helle-Mai; Lopez-Garcia, Esther; Lopez, Tania; Lotufo, Paulo A; Lozano, José Eugenio; Lukačević Lovrenčić, Iva; Lukrafka, Janice L; Luksiene, Dalia; Lundqvist, Annamari; Lundqvist, Robert; Lunet, Nuno; Lustigová, Michala; Luszczki, Edyta; Ma, Guansheng; Ma, Jun; Machado-Coelho, George LL; Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M; Macia, Enguerran; Macieira, Luisa M; Madar, Ahmed A; Maggi, Stefania; Magliano, Dianna J; Magriplis, Emmanuella; Mahasampath, Gowri; Maire, Bernard; Majer, Marjeta; Makdisse, Marcia; Malekzadeh, Fatemeh; Malekzadeh, Reza; Malhotra, Rahul; Mallikharjuna Rao, Kodavanti; Malyutina, Sofia K; Maniego, Lynell V; Manios, Yannis; Mann, Jim I; Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz; Manzato, Enzo; Marcil, Anie; Mårild, Staffan B; Marinović Glavić, Mihalea; Marques-Vidal, Pedro; Marques, Larissa Pruner; Marrugat, Jaume; Martorell, Reynaldo; Mascarenhas, Luis P; Matasin, Marija; Mathiesen, Ellisiv B; Mathur, Prashant; Matijasevich, Alicia; Matlosz, Piotr; Matsha, Tandi E; Mavrogianni, Christina; Mbanya, Jean Claude N; Mc Donald Posso, Anselmo J; McFarlane, Shelly R; McGarvey, Stephen T; McLachlan, Stela; McLean, Rachael M; McLean, Scott B; McNulty, Breige A; Mediene Benchekor, Sounnia; Medzioniene, Jurate; Mehdipour, Parinaz; Mehlig, Kirsten; Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang; Meirhaeghe, Aline; Meisinger, Christa; Mendoza Montano, Carlos; Menezes, Ana Maria B; Menon, Geetha R; Mereke, Alibek; Meshram, Indrapal I; Metspalu, Andres; Meyer, Haakon E; Mi, Jie; Michels, Nathalie; Mikkel, Kairit; Milkowska, Karolina; Miller, Jody C; Minderico, Cláudia S; Mini, GK; Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza; Mirrakhimov, Erkin; Mišigoj-Duraković, Marjeta; Modesti, Pietro A; Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi; Mohajer, Bahram; Mohamed, Mostafa K; Mohamed, Shukri F; Mohammad, Kazem; Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza; Mohammadi, Zahra; Mohammadifard, Noushin; Mohammadpourhodki, Reza; Mohan, Viswanathan; Mohanna, Salim; Mohd Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli; Mohebbi, Iraj; Mohebi, Farnam; Moitry, Marie; Møllehave, Line T; Molnár, Dénes; Momenan, Amirabbas; Mondo, Charles K; Monterrubio-Flores, Eric; Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K; Moon, Jin Soo; Moosazadeh, Mahmood; Moreira, Leila B; Morejon, Alain; Moreno, Luis A; Morgan, Karen; Moschonis, George; Mossakowska, Malgorzata; Mostafa, Aya; Mostafavi, Seyed-Ali; Mota, Jorge; Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel; Motta, Jorge; Moura-dos-Santos, Marcos André; Mridha, Malay K; Msyamboza, Kelias P; Mu, Thet Thet; Muhihi, Alfa J; Muiesan, Maria L; Müller-Nurasyid, Martina; Murphy, Neil; Mursu, Jaakko; Musa, Kamarul Imran; Musić Milanović, Sanja; Musil, Vera; Mustafa, Norlaila; Nabipour, Iraj; Naderimagham, Shohreh; Nagel, Gabriele; Naidu, Balkish M; Najafi, Farid; Nakamura, Harunobu; Námešná, Jana; Nang, Ei Ei K; Nangia, Vinay B; Narake, Sameer; Ndiaye, Ndeye Coumba; Neal, William A; Nejatizadeh, Azim; Nenko, Ilona; Neovius, Martin; Nguyen, Chung T; Nguyen, Nguyen D; Nguyen, Quang V; Nguyen, Quang Ngoc; Nieto-Martínez, Ramfis E; Niiranen, Teemu J; Nikitin, Yury P; Ninomiya, Toshiharu; Nishtar, Sania; Njelekela, Marina A; Noale, Marianna; Noboa, Oscar A; Noorbala, Ahmad Ali; Norat, Teresa; Nordendahl, Maria; Nordestgaard, Børge G; Noto, Davide; Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia; Nsour, Mohannad Al; Nunes, Baltazar; O'Neill, Terence W; O'Reilly, Dermot; Ochimana, Caleb; Oda, Eiji; Odili, Augustine N; Oh, Kyungwon; Ohara, Kumiko; Ohtsuka, Ryutaro; Olié, Valérie; Olinto, Maria Teresa A; Oliveira, Isabel O; Omar, Mohd Azahadi; Onat, Altan; Ong, Sok King; Ono, Lariane M; Ordunez, Pedro; Ornelas, Rui; Ortiz, Pedro J; Osmond, Clive; Ostojic, Sergej M; Ostovar, Afshin; Otero, Johanna A; Overvad, Kim; Owusu-Dabo, Ellis; Paccaud, Fred Michel; Padez, Cristina; Pahomova, Elena; Paiva, Karina Mary de; Pająk, Andrzej; Palli, Domenico; Palmieri, Luigi; Pan, Wen-Harn; Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra; Panza, Francesco; Paoli, Mariela; Papandreou, Dimitrios; Park, Soon-Woo; Park, Suyeon; Parnell, Winsome R; Parsaeian, Mahboubeh; Pasquet, Patrick; Patel, Nikhil D; Pavlyshyn, Halyna; Pećin, Ivan; Pednekar, Mangesh S; Pedro, João M; Peer, Nasheeta; Peixoto, Sergio Viana; Peltonen, Markku; Pereira, Alexandre C; Peres, Karen GDA; Peres, Marco A; Peters, Annette; Petkeviciene, Janina; Peykari, Niloofar; Pham, Son Thai; Pichardo, Rafael N; Pigeot, Iris; Pikhart, Hynek; Pilav, Aida; Pilotto, Lorenza; Pitakaka, Freda; Piwonska, Aleksandra; Pizarro, Andreia n; Plans-Rubió, Pedro; Polašek, Ozren; Porta, Miquel; Poudyal, Anil; Pourfarzi, Farhad; Pourshams, Akram; Poustchi, Hossein; Pradeepa, Rajendra; Price, Alison J; Price, Jacqueline F; Providencia, Rui; Puhakka, Soile E; Puiu, Maria; Punab, Margus; Qasrawi, Radwan F; Qorbani, Mostafa; Queiroz, Daniel; Quoc Bao, Tran; Radić, Ivana; Radisauskas, Ricardas; Rahimikazerooni, Salar; Rahman, Mahfuzar; Raitakari, Olli; Raj, Manu; Rakhimova, Ellina M; Ramachandra Rao, Sudha; Ramachandran, Ambady; Ramos, Elisabete; Rampal, Lekhraj; Rampal, Sanjay; Rangel Reina, Daniel A; Rarra, Vayia; Rech, Cassiano Ricardo; Redon, Josep; Reganit, Paul Ferdinand M; Regecová, Valéria; Revilla, Luis; Rezaianzadeh, Abbas; Ribeiro, Robespierre; Riboli, Elio; Richter, Adrian; Rigo, Fernando; Rinke de Wit, Tobias F; Ritti-Dias, Raphael M; Robitaille, Cynthia; Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando; Rodriguez-Perez, María del Cristo; Rodríguez-Villamizar, Laura A; Roggenbuck, Ulla; Rojas-Martinez, Rosalba; Romaguera, Dora; Romeo, Elisabetta L; Rosengren, Annika; Roy, Joel GR; Rubinstein, Adolfo; Ruidavets, Jean-Bernard; Ruiz-Betancourt, Blanca Sandra; Ruiz-Castell, Maria; Rusakova, Iuliia A; Russo, Paola; Rutkowski, Marcin; Sabanayagam, Charumathi; Sabbaghi, Hamideh; Sachdev, Harshpal S; Sadjadi, Alireza; Safarpour, Ali Reza; Safi, Sare; Safiri, Saeid; Saidi, Olfa; Sakarya, Sibel; Saki, Nader; Salanave, Benoit; Salazar Martinez, Eduardo; Salmerón, Diego; Salomaa, Veikko; Salonen, Jukka T; Salvetti, Massimo; Sánchez-Abanto, Jose; Sans, Susana; Santos, Diana A; Santos, Ina S; Santos, Lèlita C; Santos, Maria Paula; Santos, Rute; Saramies, Jouko L; Sardinha, Luis B; Sarganas, Giselle; Sarrafzadegan, Nizal; Sathish, Thirunavukkarasu; Saum, Kai-Uwe; Savva, Savvas; Sawada, Norie; Sbaraini, Mariana; Scazufca, Marcia; Schaan, Beatriz D; Schargrodsky, Herman; Schipf, Sabine; Schmidt, Carsten O; Schnohr, Peter; Schöttker, Ben; Schramm, Sara; Schultsz, Constance; Schutte, Aletta E; Sebert, Sylvain; Sein, Aye Aye; Sen, Abhijit; Senbanjo, Idowu O; Sepanlou, Sadaf G; Servais, Jennifer; Shalnova, Svetlana A; Shamah-Levy, Teresa; Shamshirgaran, Morteza; Shanthirani, Coimbatore Subramaniam; Sharafkhah, Maryam; Sharma, Sanjib K; Shaw, Jonathan E; Shayanrad, Amaneh; Shayesteh, Ali Akbar; Shi, Zumin; Shibuya, Kenji; Shimizu-Furusawa, Hana; Shin, Dong Wook; Shirani, Majid; Shiri, Rahman; Shrestha, Namuna; Si-Ramlee, Khairil; Siani, Alfonso; Siantar, Rosalynn; Sibai, Abla M; Silva, Caroline Ramos de Moura; Silva, Diego Augusto Santos; Simon, Mary; Simons, Judith; Simons, Leon A; Sjöström, Michael; Slowikowska-Hilczer, Jolanta; Slusarczyk, Przemyslaw; Smeeth, Liam; So, Hung-Kwan; Soares, Fernanda Cunha; Sobngwi, Eugène; Söderberg, Stefan; Soemantri, Agustinus; Sofat, Reecha; Solfrizzi, Vincenzo; Somi, Mohammad Hossein; Sonestedt, Emily; Song, Yi; Sørensen, Thorkild IA; Sørgjerd, Elin P; Sorić, Maroje; Sossa Jérome, Charles; Soumaré, Aïcha; Sparboe-Nilsen, Bente; Sparrenberger, Karen; Staessen, Jan A; Starc, Gregor; Stavreski, Bill; Steene-Johannessen, Jostein; Stehle, Peter; Stein, Aryeh D; Stergiou, George S; Stessman, Jochanan; 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• Is Part Of: Lancet. Volume 398:Issue 10304(2021)
• Page Start: 957
• Page End: 980
• Publication Date: 2021-09-11
• Subjects: Medicine -- Periodicals; Medicine -- Periodicals; Medicine; Medicine; Electronic journals; Periodicals; 610.5
• DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01330-1
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0140-6736

Abstract

Summary: Background: Hypertension can be detected at the primary health-care level and low-cost treatments can effectively control hypertension. We aimed to measure the prevalence of hypertension and progress in its detection, treatment, and control from 1990 to 2019 for 200 countries and territories. Methods: We used data from 1990 to 2019 on people aged 30–79 years from population-representative studies with measurement of blood pressure and data on blood pressure treatment. We defined hypertension as having systolic blood pressure 140 mm Hg or greater, diastolic blood pressure 90 mm Hg or greater, or taking medication for hypertension. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate the prevalence of hypertension and the proportion of people with hypertension who had a previous diagnosis (detection), who were taking medication for hypertension (treatment), and whose hypertension was controlled to below 140/90 mm Hg (control). The model allowed for trends over time to be non-linear and to vary by age. Findings: The number of people aged 30–79 years with hypertension doubled from 1990 to 2019, from 331 (95% credible interval 306–359) million women and 317 (292–344) million men in 1990 to 626 (584–668) million women and 652 (604–698) million men in 2019, despite stable global age-standardised prevalence. In 2019, age-standardised hypertension prevalence was lowest in Canada and Peru for both men and women; in Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, and some countries in western Europe including Switzerland, Spain, and the UK for women; and in several low-income and middle-income countries such as Eritrea, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, and Solomon Islands for men. Hypertension prevalence surpassed 50% for women in two countries and men in nine countries, in central and eastern Europe, central Asia, Oceania, and Latin America. Globally, 59% (55–62) of women and 49% (46–52) of men with hypertension reported a previous diagnosis of hypertension in 2019, and 47% (43–51) of women and 38% (35–41) of men were treated. Control rates among people with hypertension in 2019 were 23% (20–27) for women and 18% (16–21) for men. In 2019, treatment and control rates were highest in South Korea, Canada, and Iceland (treatment >70%; control >50%), followed by the USA, Costa Rica, Germany, Portugal, and Taiwan. Treatment rates were less than 25% for women and less than 20% for men in Nepal, Indonesia, and some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Control rates were below 10% for women and men in these countries and for men in some countries in north Africa, central and south Asia, and eastern Europe. Treatment and control rates have improved in most countries since 1990, but we found little change in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Improvements were largest in high-income countries, central Europe, and some upper-middle-income and recently high-income countries including Costa Rica, Taiwan, Kazakhstan, South Africa, Brazil, Chile, Turkey, and Iran. Interpretation: Improvements in the detection, treatment, and control of hypertension have varied substantially across countries, with some middle-income countries now outperforming most high-income nations. The dual approach of reducing hypertension prevalence through primary prevention and enhancing its treatment and control is achievable not only in high-income countries but also in low-income and middle-income settings. Funding: WHO.