Innate immune memory in invertebrates: Concept and potential mechanisms. (February 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Lanz-Mendoza, Humberto; Contreras-Garduño, Jorge
• Is Part Of: Developmental and comparative immunology. Volume 127(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-02
• Subjects: Trained immunity -- Innate immune response -- Ecoimmunology -- Host-parasite relationship -- Epigenetics -- Endoreplication -- Paradigm shift; Immunology -- Periodicals; Developmental immunology -- Periodicals; 616.079
• DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104285
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0145-305X

Abstract

Abstract: Invertebrates are the protagonists of a recent paradigm shift because they now show that vertebrates are not the only group with immune memory. This review discusses the concept of immune priming, its characteristics, and differences with trained immunity and immune enhancement. We include an update of the current status of immune priming within generations in different groups of invertebrates which now include work in 5 Phyla: Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Mollusca, Nematoda, and Arthropoda. Clearly, few Phyla have been studied. We also resume and discuss the effector mechanism related to immune memory, including integrating viral elements into the genome, endoreplication, and epigenetics. The roles of other elements are incorporated, such as hemocytes, immune pathways, and metabolisms. We conclude that taking care of the experimental procedure will discern if results provide or do not support the invertebrates' immune memory and that regarding mechanisms, indeed, there are no studies on the immune memory mechanisms, this is how specificity is reached, and how and where the immune memory is stored and how is recall upon subsequent encounters. Finally, we discuss the possibility of having more than one mechanism working in different groups of invertebrates depending on the environmental conditions. Highlights: This review discusses the concept of innate immune memory and its characteristics and differences with trained immunity. We make an up-date of evidence for immune priming (or innate immune memory) in invertebrates. We propose that there is any study showing the mechanism of immune memory in invertebrates.