Establishing Test–Retest Reliability and Reliable Change for the King–Devick Test in High School Athletes. Issue 5 (September 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Elbin, R. J.; Schatz, Philip; Mohler, Samantha; Covassin, Tracey; Herrington, Jesse; Kontos, Anthony P.
• Is Part Of: Clinical journal of sport medicine. Volume 31:Issue 5(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-09
• Subjects: concussion -- adolescent -- King–Devick -- sports -- vision -- assessment; Sports medicine -- Periodicals; 617.1027
• DOI: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000772
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1050-642X

Abstract

Abstract : Objective: To establish test–retest reliability in nonconcussed high school athletes and compare absolute change, reliable change indices (RCIs), and minimal detectable change (MDC) methods for classifying impairment after sport-related concussion. Design: Prospective, repeated measures. Setting: High schools from the Midwest and Central regions of the United States. Participants: A convenience sample of 772 nonconcussed high school athletes (n = 546 men) completed preseason K–D testing. In addition, 69 athletes completed a second postseason K–D test, and 54 athletes sustained a concussion and completed postconcussion K–D tests. Intervention: K–D test. Main Outcome Measures: Data for age, sex, and concussion history were determined using preseason K–D test outcomes. Test–retest reliability, RCIs, and MDCs were calculated using postseason K–D tests (M = 98.9, SD = 9.1 days). Postinjury K–D assessments within 5 days of injury (M = 1.5, SD = 1.5 days) were used to classify impairment on K–D using absolute change, RCI, and MDC methods. Results: Significant effects for age ( P < 0.001) and history of concussion ( P = 0.001) were supported on baseline K–D time, with no sex differences ( P = 0.21). Preseason to postseason reliability for K–D times was 0.60 (intraclass correlation coefficient, 95% CI, 0.43-0.73), although 38% of athletes exhibited slower postseason K–D times compared with baseline. Impairment on K–D exhibited for 72% of the concussed sample using absolute change, 48% using MDC, and 44% using RCI methods. Conclusions: K–D exhibited moderate test–retest reliability across 1 season. Absolute change yielded the highest sensitivity for preinjury to postinjury impairment on the K–D compared with RCI and MDC methods.