Association of time outdoors and patterns of light exposure with myopia in children. Issue 1 (15th April 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Li, Mijie; Lanca, Carla; Tan, Chuen-Seng; Foo, Li-Lian; Sun, Chen-Hsin; Yap, Fabian; Najjar, Raymond P; Sabanayagam, Charumathi; Saw, Seang-Mei
• Is Part Of: British journal of ophthalmology. Volume 107:Issue 1(2023)
• Page Start: 133
• Page End: 139
• Publication Date: 2021-04-15
• Subjects: epidemiology -- public health -- child health (paediatrics) -- vision; Ophthalmology -- Periodicals; 617.7
• DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2021-318918
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0007-1161

Abstract

Abstract : Background/aims: To evaluate the association of reported time outdoors and light exposure patterns with myopia among children aged 9 years from the Growing Up in Singapore Towards Healthy Outcomes birth cohort. Methods: We assessed reported time outdoors (min/day), light exposure patterns and outdoor activities of children aged 9 years (n=483) with a questionnaire, the FitSight watch and a 7-day activity diary. Light levels, the duration, timing and frequency of light exposure were assessed. Cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE), myopia (SE≤−0.5 D) and axial length (AL) of paired eyes were analysed using generalised estimating equations. Results: In this study, 483 (966 eyes) multiethnic children (50.0% boys, 59.8% Chinese, 42.2% myopic) were included. Reported time outdoors (mean±SD) was 100±93 min/day, and average light levels were 458±228 lux. Of the total duration children spent at light levels of ≥1000 lux (37±19 min/day), 76% were spent below 5000 lux. Peak light exposure occurred at mid-day. Children had 1.7±1.0 light exposure episodes/day. Common outdoor activities were walks, neighbourhood play and swimming. Greater reported time outdoors was associated with lower odds of myopia (OR=0.82, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.95/hour increase daily; p=0.009). Light levels, timing and frequency of light exposures were not associated with myopia, SE or AL (p>0.05). Conclusion: Reported time outdoors, light levels and number of light exposure episodes were low among Singaporean children aged 9 years. Reported time outdoors was protective against myopia but not light levels or specific light measures. A multipronged approach to increase time outdoors is recommended in the combat against the myopia epidemic.