Positive interactions between corals and damselfish increase coral resistance to temperature stress. Issue 2 (31st October 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Shantz, Andrew A.; Ladd, Mark C.; Ezzat, Leila; Schmitt, Russell J.; Holbrook, Sally J.; Schmeltzer, Emily; Vega Thurber, Rebecca; Burkepile, Deron E.
• Is Part Of: Global change biology. Volume 29:Issue 2(2023)
• Page Start: 417
• Page End: 431
• Publication Date: 2022-10-31
• Subjects: coral bleaching -- facilitation -- fish‐derived nutrients -- global change -- mutualisms -- nutrients -- positive interactions -- stress‐gradient hypothesis -- symbiosis; Climatic changes -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Troposphere -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Biodiversity conservation -- Periodicals; Eutrophication -- Periodicals; 551.5
• DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16480
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1354-1013

Abstract

Abstract: By the century's end, many tropical seas will reach temperatures exceeding most coral species' thermal tolerance on an annual basis. The persistence of corals in these regions will, therefore, depend on their abilities to tolerate recurrent thermal stress. Although ecologists have long recognized that positive interspecific interactions can ameliorate environmental stress to expand the realized niche of plants and animals, coral bleaching studies have largely overlooked how interactions with community members outside of the coral holobiont shape the bleaching response. Here, we subjected a common coral, Pocillopora grandis, to 10 days of thermal stress in aquaria with and without the damselfish Dascyllus flavicaudus (yellowtail dascyllus), which commonly shelter within these corals, to examine how interactions with damselfish impacted coral thermal tolerance. Corals often benefit from nutrients excreted by animals they interact with and prior to thermal stress, corals grown with damselfish showed improved photophysiology ( F v / F m ) and developed larger endosymbiont populations. When exposed to thermal stress, corals with fish performed as well as control corals maintained at ambient temperatures without fish. In contrast, corals exposed to thermal stress without fish experienced photophysiological impairment, a more than 50% decline in endosymbiont density, and a 36% decrease in tissue protein content. At the end of the experiment, thermal stress caused average calcification rates to decrease by over 80% when damselfish were absent but increase nearly 25% when damselfish were present. Our study indicates that damselfish‐derived nutrients can increase coral thermal tolerance and are consistent with the Stress Gradient Hypothesis, which predicts that positive interactions become increasingly important for structuring communities as environmental stress increases. Because warming of just a few degrees can exceed corals' temperature tolerance to trigger bleaching and mortality, positive interactions could play a critical role in maintaining some coral species in warming regions until climate change is aggressively addressed. Abstract : Thermal stress causes corals' to expel the endosymbiotic algae within their tissue in a phenomenon known as bleaching. Nutrients produced by common damselfishes that shelter in and around coral colonies can increase coral thermal tolerance. As oceans warm due to climate change, positive interactions between corals and damselfish help corals resist bleaching, lending resilience to imperiled coral reef ecosystems.