Bio-graphene production from oil palm shell waste valorised through sequential thermal and catalytic means. (October 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Azahar, A.A.; Nurhafizah, M.D.; Omar, M.R.; Abdullah, N.; Ul-Hamid, A.
• Is Part Of: Carbon trends. Number 9(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-10
• Subjects: Oil palm shell -- Biochar -- CVD -- Bio-graphene; Carbon -- Periodicals; Carbon composites -- Periodicals; Carbon; Carbon composites; Periodicals; 620.193
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cartre.2022.100225
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2667-0569

Abstract

Highlights: Fabrication of bio-graphene using raw and pre-treated oil palm shell as precursor. Direct bio-graphene fabrication on silicon wafer through CVD from green biogas. Bio-graphene has graphene-like linkages with high crystallinity. Abstract: Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin made up a large majority of biomass in the world. These three organic polymers can produce bio-gas such as methane ( C H 4 ) and carbon dioxide ( C O 2 ) which are necessary for bio-graphene fabrication. Carbon layer deposition depends on C H 4 while the uniformity and porosity of the carbon layer depend on C O 2 and activation agent interaction. By altering the Oil Palm Shell (OPS) biomass precursor through pyrolysis, the remaining content of biomass precursors will enhance bio-graphene development through Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) process. The alteration of these biomass precursors is made through thermal manipulation at temperatures of 200 ∘ C, 400 ∘ C and 600 ∘ C . The best thermal means will produce bio-graphene encompassing observable crystallinity, appropriate exfoliation, low defect, high carbon and low oxygen value which possess characteristics that are similar to bio-graphene fabricated from the past years. The different pre-treated biomass through pyrolysis are characterized using proximate analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Micro-Raman. Additionally, the different bio-graphene samples fabricated from pre-treated biomass precursors were identified and characterized using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Ultra-high Resolution Scanning Electron Microscope (U-SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Micro-Raman spectrometer. Graphical abstract: Image, graphical abstract