Management of complicated parapneumonic effusions. Issue 1 (16th January 2023)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Sultan, Sahar; Gupta, Ena; Benzaquen, Sadia
• Is Part Of: Current opinion in pulmonary medicine. Volume 29:Issue 1(2023)
• Page Start: 54
• Page End: 59
• Publication Date: 2023-01-16
• Subjects: complicated parapneumonic effusion -- empyema -- intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy -- referral for surgical management -- thoracostomy management -- use of ultrasound in management; Respiratory organs -- Diseases -- Periodicals; 616.24
• DOI: 10.1097/MCP.0000000000000934
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1070-5287

Abstract

Abstract : Purpose of review: Approximately 36–57% of cases of pneumonia are associated with a parapneumonic effusion (PPE). It begins as sterile effusion, which can quickly evolve to a fibrinopurulent stage with evidence of infection called complicated parapneumonic effusions (CPPE). Marked fibrinous organization then follows. This study focuses on literature synthesis on management of CPPE. Recent findings: Ultrasound has become an indispensable tool in the identification and treatment of CPPE. Prompt antibiotic administration remains the universal standard of care. Decision to drain the fluid is based on fluid staging, characterization and assessment of risk of poor outcomes vs. risk of complications. There is growing evidence to support use of intrapleural fibrinolytic therapy (IPFT) in case of loculated effusions. Newer areas of research include antibodies against plasminogen activator inhibitors and stratification scores that can identify patients at an increased risk. Lastly, timing of surgical referral is an important area under study. Summary: Evolution of medical therapy over recent years has increased treatment success rates. Use of IPFT in conjunction to thoracostomy is now the standard of care for loculated effusions. Understanding available therapeutic options, both medical and interventional, can ensure evidence-based practice and improve patient-centred outcomes.