Ecological consequences of forest elephant declines for Afrotropical forests. Issue 3 (1st March 2018)
- Record Type:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- Ecological consequences of forest elephant declines for Afrotropical forests. Issue 3 (1st March 2018)
- Main Title:
- Ecological consequences of forest elephant declines for Afrotropical forests
- Authors:
- Poulsen, John R.
Rosin, Cooper
Meier, Amelia
Mills, Emily
Nuñez, Chase L.
Koerner, Sally E.
Blanchard, Emily
Callejas, Jennifer
Moore, Sarah
Sowers, Mark - Abstract:
- Abstract: Poaching is rapidly extirpating African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) from most of their historical range, leaving vast areas of elephant‐free tropical forest. Elephants are ecological engineers that create and maintain forest habitat; thus, their loss will have large consequences for the composition and structure of Afrotropical forests. Through a comprehensive literature review, we evaluated the roles of forest elephants in seed dispersal, nutrient recycling, and herbivory and physical damage to predict the cascading ecological effects of their population declines. Loss of seed dispersal by elephants will favor tree species dispersed abiotically and by smaller dispersal agents, and tree species composition will depend on the downstream effects of changes in elephant nutrient cycling and browsing. Loss of trampling and herbivory of seedlings and saplings will result in high tree density with release from browsing pressures. Diminished seed dispersal by elephants and high stem density are likely to reduce the recruitment of large trees and thus increase homogeneity of forest structure and decrease carbon stocks. The loss of ecological services by forest elephants likely means Central African forests will be more like Neotropical forests, from which megafauna were extirpated thousands of years ago. Without intervention, as much as 96% of Central African forests will have modified species composition and structure as elephants are compressed into remainingAbstract: Poaching is rapidly extirpating African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) from most of their historical range, leaving vast areas of elephant‐free tropical forest. Elephants are ecological engineers that create and maintain forest habitat; thus, their loss will have large consequences for the composition and structure of Afrotropical forests. Through a comprehensive literature review, we evaluated the roles of forest elephants in seed dispersal, nutrient recycling, and herbivory and physical damage to predict the cascading ecological effects of their population declines. Loss of seed dispersal by elephants will favor tree species dispersed abiotically and by smaller dispersal agents, and tree species composition will depend on the downstream effects of changes in elephant nutrient cycling and browsing. Loss of trampling and herbivory of seedlings and saplings will result in high tree density with release from browsing pressures. Diminished seed dispersal by elephants and high stem density are likely to reduce the recruitment of large trees and thus increase homogeneity of forest structure and decrease carbon stocks. The loss of ecological services by forest elephants likely means Central African forests will be more like Neotropical forests, from which megafauna were extirpated thousands of years ago. Without intervention, as much as 96% of Central African forests will have modified species composition and structure as elephants are compressed into remaining protected areas. Stopping elephant poaching is an urgent first step to mitigating these effects, but long‐term conservation will require land‐use planning that incorporates elephant habitat into forested landscapes that are being rapidly transformed by industrial agriculture and logging. Abstract : Article impact statement : Extirpation of forest elephants may fundamentally alter forests and ecosystem services. Abstract : Consecuencias Ecológicas de las Declinaciones de Elefantes del Bosque para los Bosques Afrotropicales Resumen: La caza furtiva está extirpando rápidamente a los elefantes africanos del bosque (Loxodonta cyclotis) de la mayor parte de su extensión histórica, lo que deja áreas extensas de bosque tropical libres de elefantes. Los elefantes son ingenieros ecológicos que crean y mantienen el hábitat del bosque; por esto, su pérdida tendrá consecuencias para la composición y la estructura de los bosques afrotropicales. Por medio de una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura, evaluamos el papel de los elefantes del bosque en la dispersión de semillas, reciclaje de nutrientes, herbivoría, y daño físico para predecir los efectos ecológicos en cascada de la declinación de sus poblaciones. La falta de la dispersión de semillas realizada por elefantes favorecerá a las especies de árboles dispersadas abióticamente y por agentes dispersores más pequeños, y la composición de las especies de árboles dependerá de los efectos derivados de los cambios en el pastoreo y circulación de nutrientes de los elefantes. La ausencia de pisoteo y de la herbivoría de brotes y retoños resultará en una alta densidad de árboles conforme estas especies sean liberadas de la presión del pastoreo. La disminución en la dispersión de semillas por los elefantes y la alta densidad de tallos probablemente reduzcan el reclutamiento de árboles grandes, lo que incrementará la homogeneidad de la estructura del bosque y disminuirá las reservas de carbono. La pérdida de servicios ecológicos generados por elefantes probablemente implique que los bosques del centro de África sean más como los bosques neotropicales, en los que la megafauna fue extirpada hace miles de años. Sin una intervención, hasta el 96% de los bosques del centro de África tendrán una composición y estructura modificadas conforme los elefantes son restringidos dentro de las áreas protegidas. Detener la caza furtiva de elefantes es un primer paso urgente para mitigar estos efectos, pero la conservación a largo plazo requerirá una planeación de uso de suelo que incorpore al hábitat del elefante dentro de los paisajes boscosos que están siendo transformados rápidamente por la industria agrícola y maderera. 摘要: 偷猎正在导致非洲森林象 ( Loxodonta cyclotis ) 从它们大部分的历史分布区消失, 留下大片没有大象的热带森林。大象是创造和维持森林生境的生态工程师, 因此它们的消失会对非洲热带界森林的组成和结构产生很大影响。通过全面的文献综述, 我们评估了森林象在种子传播、营养循环、食草作用以及对森林的直接破坏中的作用, 以预测它们种群下降产生的生态级联效应。失去了大象对种子的传播, 将有利于树种通过非生物途径和更小型的传播者来传播种子, 而树木种类的组成将取决于大象的营养循环和食草作用变化的下游效应。没有大象来踩踏、取食幼苗和小树会导致树木密度增大, 因为树木不再受到被取食的压力。大象对种子传播作用的下降和树木密度的增高可能减少森林中大树的补充, 因此增加了森林结构的均质性, 减少了碳储量。森林象带来的生态服务功能衰退可能意味着中非森林将变得像几千年前巨型动物群灭绝了的新热带界森林。在没有干预的情况下, 随着大象的分布区收缩到剩余的保护区中, 高达 96% 的中非森林的物种组成和结构会发生改变。要减缓这些影响, 刻不容缓的第一步是停止偷猎, 但长期的保护还需要土地利用规划将大象的生境纳入到正在因农业产业化和伐木而快速转化的森林景观中。【翻译: 胡怡思; 审校: 胡义波】 … (more)
- Is Part Of:
- Conservation biology. Volume 32:Issue 3(2018)
- Journal:
- Conservation biology
- Issue:
- Volume 32:Issue 3(2018)
- Issue Display:
- Volume 32, Issue 3 (2018)
- Year:
- 2018
- Volume:
- 32
- Issue:
- 3
- Issue Sort Value:
- 2018-0032-0003-0000
- Page Start:
- 559
- Page End:
- 567
- Publication Date:
- 2018-03-01
- Subjects:
- Central Africa -- herbivory -- Loxodonta cyclotis -- nutrient recycling tropical forest -- seed dispersal -- África Central -- bosque tropical -- dispersión de semillas -- herbivoría -- Loxodonta cyclotis -- reciclaje de nutrientes -- 关键词:Loxodonta cyclotis, 中非, 种子传播, 食草作用, 营养循环, 热带森林
Conservation biology -- Periodicals
333.9516 - Journal URLs:
- http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1523-1739 ↗
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ ↗ - DOI:
- 10.1111/cobi.13035 ↗
- Languages:
- English
- ISSNs:
- 0888-8892
- Deposit Type:
- Legaldeposit
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