Hydrological impacts of climate and land-use change on flow regime variations in upper Indus basin. Issue 2 (27th October 2021) - Haleem, Kashif
Abstract: Investigating the effects of climate and land-use changes on surface runoff is critical for water resources management. The majority of studies focused on projected climate change effects on surface runoff, while neglecting future land-use change. Therefore, the main aim of this article is to discriminate the impacts of projected climate and land-use changes on surface runoff using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) through the lens of the Upper Indus Basin, Pakistan. Future scenarios of the land-use and climate changes are predicted using cellular automata artificial neural network and four bias-corrected general circulation models, respectively. The historical record (2000–2013) was divided into the calibration period (2000–2008) and the validation period (2009–2013). The simulated results demonstrated that the SWAT model performed well. The results obtained from 2000 to 2013 show that climate change (61.61%) has a higher influence on river runoff than land-use change (38.39%). Both climate and land-use changes are predicted to increase future runoff depth in this basin. The influence of climate change (12.76–25.92%) is greater than land-use change (0.37–1.1%). Global weather data has good applicability for simulating hydrological responses in the region where conventional gauges are unavailable. The study discusses that both climate and land-use changes impact runoff depth and concludes with some suggestions for water resources managers to bring water environment sustainability. HIGHLIGHTS: The SWAT model was used to isolate the climate and land-use change impacts on streamflow. The general circulation model was used to assess climate change impacts on streamflow. The CA-ANN model was used to predict future land use. Multiple climate and land-use scenarios were set to isolate climate and land-use change impacts on streamflow. Climate change effects overweigh the land-use change effects on streamflow. Graphical Abstract