Characterization of ammonia spray combustion and mixture formation under high-pressure, direct injection conditions. (1st February 2023)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Scharl, Valentin; Lackovic, Tomislav; Sattelmayer, Thomas
• Is Part Of: Fuel. Volume 333(2023)Part 2
• Publication Date: 2023-02-01
• Subjects: 00-01 -- 99-00; Ammonia -- Experimental -- Direct-injection -- Combustion -- Mixture formation -- Flame stabilization; Fuel -- Periodicals; Coal -- Periodicals; Coal; Fuel; Periodicals; 662.6
• DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126454
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0016-2361

Abstract

Abstract: Ammonia has the potential to replace fossil fuels in internal combustion engines (ICEs). However, ammonia is characterized by unfavorable combustion characteristics and a propensity to form pollutants during combustion. The pilot-ignited high pressure, direct-injection of ammonia is promising regarding its prospective performance with ammonia as fuel. In this work, optical investigations (Mie-scattering (MS), shadowgraphy (SG), OH* chemiluminescence (CL)) and heat release rate (HRR) analysis are complemented by 1-D spray modeling to provide fundamental insight into distinctive features of ammonia spray combustion and mixture formation under engine-relevant conditions in a rapid-compression-expansion-machine (RCEM). CL measurements reveal that ammonia spray flames do not stabilize after ignition by a diesel pilot injection. Instead, the lift-off length gradually increases until the end of injection and beyond. To aid in the interpretation of the lift-off behavior, a 1-D, mixing-limited spray model is validated by experimental results for ammonia spray penetration and stationary liquid length (LL) under non-reactive conditions. Modeling results reveal that ammonia sprays are marked by low temperatures close to the nozzle exit, followed by a rapid decrease in mean equivalence ratios well below 1. Based on a mechanism that suggests flame stabilization by product re-entrainment and subsequent auto-ignition, the inhibition of flame stabilization in ammonia sprays is explained by high mixing requirements with combustion products to undergo auto-ignition. Implications of the lack of a self-stabilized flame on combustion characteristics are discussed and diesel post-injections, fuel pre-heating and reduction of the natural lift-off length are suggested as measures to avoid extensive pollutant formation in regions upstream of the lift-off length after the end of ammonia injection. Highlights: OH*-imaging of diesel piloted ammonia spray combustion was performed. Ammonia sprays do not stabilize under engine-relevant ambient conditions. Low temperatures close to nozzle are followed by lean conditions in ammonia sprays. Spray stabilization is inhibited by high mixing requirements.