Quantification of facial skeletal shape variation in fibroblast growth factor receptor‐related craniosynostosis syndromes. Issue 4 (27th February 2014)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Heuzé, Yann; Martínez‐Abadías, Neus; Stella, Jennifer M.; Arnaud, Eric; Collet, Corinne; García Fructuoso, Gemma; Alamar, Mariana; Lo, Lun‐Jou; Boyadjiev, Simeon A.; Di Rocco, Federico; Richtsmeier, Joan T.
• Is Part Of: Birth defects research. Volume 100:Issue 4(2014:Apr.)
• Page Start: 250
• Page End: 259
• Publication Date: 2014-02-27
• Subjects: genotype‐phenotype correspondence -- midfacial retrusion -- suture fusion -- morphogenesis -- diagnosis; Teratology -- Periodicals; Abnormalities, Human -- Research -- Periodicals; Abnormalities, Human -- Periodicals; 616.043
• DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23228
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1542-0752

Abstract

Abstract : Background: fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) ‐related craniosynostosis syndromes are caused by many different mutations within FGFR‐1, 2, 3, and certain FGFR mutations are associated with more than one clinical syndrome. These syndromes share coronal craniosynostosis and characteristic facial skeletal features, although Apert syndrome (AS) is characterized by a more dysmorphic facial skeleton relative to Crouzon (CS), Muenke (MS), or Pfeiffer syndromes. Methods: Here we perform a detailed three‐dimensional evaluation of facial skeletal shape in a retrospective sample of cases clinically and/or genetically diagnosed as AS, CS, MS, and Pfeiffer syndrome to quantify variation in facial dysmorphology, precisely identify specific facial features pertaining to these four syndromes, and further elucidate what knowledge of the causative FGFR mutation brings to our understanding of these syndromes. Results: Our results confirm a strong correspondence between genotype and facial phenotype for AS and MS with severity of facial dysmorphology diminishing from Apert FGFR2 S252W to Apert FGFR2 P253R to MS. We show that AS facial shape variation is increased relative to CS, although CS has been shown to be caused by numerous distinct mutations within FGFRs and reduced dosage in ERF. Conclusion: Our quantitative analysis of facial phenotypes demonstrate subtle variation within and among craniosynostosis syndromes that might, with further research, provide information about the impact of the mutation on facial skeletal and nonskeletal development. We suggest that precise studies of the phenotypic consequences of genetic mutations at many levels of analysis should accompany next‐generation genetic research and that these approaches should proceed cooperatively. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 100:250–259, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.