A review on synthetic strategy, molecular pharmacology of indazole derivatives, and their future perspective. Issue 7 (16th August 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Mal, Suvadeep; Malik, Udita; Mahapatra, Monalisa; Mishra, Abhishek; Pal, Dilipkumar; Paidesetty, Sudhir K.
• Is Part Of: Drug development research. Volume 83:Issue 7(2022)
• Page Start: 1469
• Page End: 1504
• Publication Date: 2022-08-16
• Subjects: analgesic -- anticancer -- anti‐inflammatory -- benzopyrazole -- indazole -- SARs -- tautomers; Drug development -- Periodicals; Drugs -- Research -- Periodicals; 615.19
• DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21979
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0272-4391

Abstract

Abstract: With different nitrogen‐containing heterocyclic moieties, Indazoles earn one of the places among the top investigated molecules in medicinal research. Indazole, an important fused aromatic heterocyclic system containing benzene and pyrazole ring with a chemical formula of C7 H6 N2, is also called benzopyrazole. Indazoles consist of three tautomeric forms in which 1 H ‐tautomers (indazoles) and 2 H ‐tautomers (isoindazoles) exist in all phases. The tautomerism in indazoles greatly influences synthesis, reactivity, physical and even the biological properties of indazoles. The thermodynamic internal energy calculation of these tautomers points view 1 H ‐indazole as the predominant and stable form over 2 H ‐indazole. The natural source of indazole is limited and exists in alkaloidal nature (i.e., nigellidine, nigeglanine, nigellicine, etc.) found from Nigella plants. Some of the FDA‐approved drugs like Axitinib, Entrectinib, Niraparib, Benzydamine, and Granisetron are being used to treat renal cell cancer, non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), epithelial ovarian cancer, chronic inflammation, chemotherapy‐induced nausea, vomiting, and many more uses. Besides all these advantages regarding its biological activity, the main issue about indazoles is the less abundance in plant sources, and their synthetic derivatives also often face problems with low yield. In this review article, we discuss its chemistry, tautomerism along with their effects, different schematics for the synthesis of indazole derivatives, and their different biological activities.