The sex‐dependent role of the androgen receptor in glioblastoma: results of molecular analyses. Issue 19 (22nd June 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Łysiak, Małgorzata; Trybuła, Małgorzata; Mudaisi, Munila; Bratthäll, Charlotte; Strandeus, Michael; Milos, Peter; Hallbeck, Martin; Malmström, Annika
• Is Part Of: Molecular oncology. Volume 16:Issue 19(2022)
• Page Start: 3436
• Page End: 3451
• Publication Date: 2022-06-22
• Subjects: androgen receptor -- glioblastoma -- sex differences; Cancer -- Molecular aspects -- Periodicals; 616.994005
• DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13262
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1574-7891

Abstract

Abstract : We sought to analyse the androgen receptor (AR) in glioblastoma (GBM) due to the location of the AR gene on chromosome X, often reported with shorter survival and higher prevalence of GBM among males. Copy number (CN) and mRNA expression of AR were tested with droplet digital PCR in 91 fresh‐frozen GBM samples and 170 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded samples collected at Linköping University Hospital. The fresh‐frozen cohort was also subjected to pyrosequencing methylation analysis of 17 CpG sites in the AR promoter. Additionally, the gene expression of AR was analysed in the fresh‐frozen cohort and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort of isocitrate dehydrogenase wild‐type primary GBM (135 females and 219 males). The association of AR expression and overall survival (OS) was tested with Kaplan–Meier log rank analysis after dichotomisation by maximally selected rank statistics. We found that AR CN alterations were more common in female GBM. AR gene expression correlated with methylation levels of different CpG sites in males and females but there was no difference in expression between sexes. Survival analysis of TCGA cohort revealed the opposite effect of AR overexpression on OS of males and females, with high AR expression correlating with shorter OS in females and longer OS in males. Additional gene set enrichment analysis showed that AR expression correlated with DNA repair response, especially in the male group. In summary, we found that high AR gene expression in GBM exhibits sex‐dependent effects on patient survival, which, for males, is linked to DNA repair response. Abstract : Glioblastoma (GBM) is more common among males; however, the reason for sex differences remains largely unknown. Through molecular analyses of androgen receptor (AR) in GBM samples, we found that AR is commonly expressed in tumours of both sexes, but copy number alterations of the gene coding for AR are more frequent in females. Additionally, high AR expression correlates with worse survival among females but better survival among males.