Louse flies holding on mammals' hair: Comparative functional morphology of specialized attachment devices of ectoparasites (Diptera: Hippoboscoidea). (29th October 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Hayer, Sarah; Sturm, Beeke P.; Büsse, Sebastian; Büscher, Thies H.; Gorb, Stanislav N.
• Is Part Of: Journal of morphology. Volume 283:Number 12(2022)
• Page Start: 1561
• Page End: 1576
• Publication Date: 2022-10-29
• Subjects: adhesion -- biomechanics -- ecomorphology -- friction -- interlocking; Morphology -- Periodicals; Physiology -- Periodicals; Anatomy -- Periodicals; 571.3
• DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21523
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0362-2525

Abstract

Abstract: Hippoboscidae and Nycteribiidae of the dipteran superfamily Hippoboscoidea are obligate ectoparasites, which feed on the blood of different mammals. Due to their limited flight capability, the attachment system on all tarsi is of great importance for a secure grasp onto their host and thus for their survival. In this study, the functional morphology of the attachment system of two hippoboscid species and two nycteribiid species was compared in their specificity to the host substrate. Based on data from scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy, it was shown that the attachment systems of both Hippoboscidae and Nycteribiidae (Hippoboscoidea) differ greatly from that of other calyptrate flies and are uniform within the respective families. All studied species have an attachment system with two monodentate claws and two pulvilli. The claws and pulvilli of the Hippoboscidae are asymmetric, which is an adaptation to the fur of even‐toed ungulates (Artiodactyla). The fur of these mammals possesses both, thinner woolen and thicker coat hair; thus, the asymmetry of the attachment system of the hippoboscid species enables a secure attachment to all surfaces of their hosts. The claws and pulvilli of the nyceribiid species do not show an asymmetry, since the fur of their bat (Chiroptera) hosts consists of hairs with the same thickness. The claws are important for the attachment to mammals' fur, because they enable a secure grip by mechanical interlocking of the hairs through the claws. Additionally, well‐developed pulvilli are able to attach on thicker hairs of Artiodactyla or on smooth substrates such as the skin. Abstract : The claws of the ectoparasitic flies of the Hippoboscoidea are most important to attach securely to the host fur. The gap between claw and claw base is of the same size as the hosts' hair, so that the flies' claws can interlock with the hosts' fur.