Conventional diatom testing using strong acid: (II) Number and types of diatoms detected in closed organs and lungs of 80 autopsy cases using only new Kjeldahl flasks. (December 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Sonoda, Ai; Kakizaki, Eiji; Shinkawa, Norihiro; Matsuda, Hirokazu; Yukawa, Nobuhiro
• Is Part Of: Forensic science international. Volume 341(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-12
• Subjects: Drowning -- Diatom test -- False positive -- Strong acid digestion -- Fuming nitric acid -- Kjeldahl flask; Medical jurisprudence -- Periodicals; Chemistry, Forensic -- Periodicals; Forensic Medicine -- Periodicals; Médecine légale -- Périodiques; Chimie légale -- Périodiques; Gerechtelijke geneeskunde; Gerechtelijke chemie; Gerechtelijke psychiatrie; Chemistry, Forensic; Medical jurisprudence; Electronic journals; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 614.1
• DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111510
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0379-0738

Abstract

Abstract: The number of diatoms detected in the kidneys and liver varies considerably when comparing various reports, but the reason remains unclear. We previously showed that the reuse of Kjeldahl flasks is susceptible to generating false positives; false-positive results were observed in 17 of 60 tested flasks, and a maximum of 290 diatoms were detected. Furthermore, these data suggested that the number of diatoms in kidney and liver tissue may be much lower than previously thought. Therefore, only new Kjeldahl flasks were used to perform diatom tests on 80 autopsy cases (drowning and non-drowning victims) in this study. When combined with the 20 cases in a previous study, a total of 100 cases were analyzed. Four grams of lung, 10–30 g each of kidney and liver, 10 mL of blood, and 50–100 mL of water (discovery site) were examined. A large number of diatoms (n = 400) were found in organs other than the lungs in only 1 of 56 cases of suspected drowning (excluding cases of suspected drowning in baths). Together with the previous 20 cases, this single case represented only 1 of 76 cases (1.3 %). In closed organs and blood samples, 3 diatoms were found in 2 of 56 victims (3.6 %), and 1 or 2 diatoms were found in 8 victims (14 %). However, 5 diatoms were found in 1 of 10 bathtub drowning victims and 12 non-drowning victims (4.5 %), and 1 or 2 diatoms were found in 6 victims (27 %). Moreover, 1 or 2 diatoms were found in negative control flasks in 3 of 80 victims (3.8 %). The results showed that distinguishing false-positive results is difficult when a small number of diatoms are found in the kidneys and liver. Thus, the presence of diatoms in closed organs and blood seems to be unreliable as evidence of death by drowning, at least in the water environments in our region (freshwater areas: 23–26, 000 diatoms/mL, median 200 diatoms; brackish water areas: 26–1200 diatoms/mL, median 210 diatoms; seawater area: 2–1000 diatoms/mL, median 24 diatoms). These results also reconfirmed that the reuse of flasks is the most important cause of false positives. Conversely, the presence of a large number of diatoms in lung samples (1–850, 000 diatoms/g lung tissue; median (right lung): 440 diatoms, (left lung): 320 diatoms) is very informative and is an effective diagnostic aid in many cases. Highlights: Reuse of Kjeldahl flasks in diatom tests has a high risk of false-positive results. Eighty autopsy cases were examined using only new Kjeldahl flasks. Estimating water inhalation from diatoms in the kidney or liver is difficult. Up to 17 diatoms were found even in the kidneys or liver of non-drowning victims. Diatom testing of the lungs is very effective for estimating water inhalation.