Short Chain Fatty Acids: Fundamental mediators of the gut-lung axis and their involvement in pulmonary diseases. (1st December 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Ashique, Sumel; De Rubis, Gabriele; Sirohi, Ekta; Mishra, Neeraj; Rihan, Mohd; Garg, Ashish; Reyes, Ruby-Jean; Manandhar, Bikash; Bhatt, Shvetank; Jha, Niraj Kumar; Singh, Thakur Gurjeet; Gupta, Gaurav; Singh, Sachin Kumar; Chellappan, Dinesh Kumar; Paudel, Keshav Raj; Hansbro, Philip M.; Oliver, Brian G.; Dua, Kamal
• Is Part Of: Chemico-biological interactions. Volume 368(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-12-01
• Subjects: Short-chain fatty acids -- Gut microbiota metabolites -- Gut-lung axis -- Respiratory diseases -- Potential therapeutics; Biochemistry -- Periodicals; Toxicological chemistry -- Periodicals; Biochemistry -- Periodicals; Biologie moléculaire -- Périodiques; Biochimie -- Périodiques; Toxicologie biochimique -- Périodiques; 572
• DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110231
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0009-2797

Abstract

Abstract: The human microbiota is fundamental to correct immune system development and balance. Dysbiosis, or microbial content alteration in the gut and respiratory tract, is associated with immune system dysfunction and lung disease development. The microbiota's influence on human health and disease is exerted through the abundance of metabolites produced by resident microorganisms, where short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) represent the fundamental class. SCFAs are mainly produced by the gut microbiota through anaerobic fermentation of dietary fibers, and are known to influence the homeostasis, susceptibility to and outcome of many lung diseases. This article explores the microbial species found in healthy human gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. We investigate factors contributing to dysbiosis in lung illness, and the gut-lung axis and its association with lung diseases, with a particular focus on the functions and mechanistic roles of SCFAs in these processes. The key focus of this review is a discussion of the main metabolites of the intestinal microbiota that contribute to host-pathogen interactions: SCFAs, which are formed by anaerobic fermentation. These metabolites include propionate, acetate, and butyrate, and are crucial for the preservation of immune homeostasis. Evidence suggests that SCFAs prevent infections by directly affecting host immune signaling. This review covers the various and intricate ways through which SCFAs affect the immune system's response to infections, with a focus on pulmonary diseases including chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, asthma, lung cystic fibrosis, and tuberculosis. The findings reviewed suggest that the immunological state of the lung may be indirectly influenced by elements produced by the gut microbiota. SCFAs represent valuable potential therapeutic candidates in this context. Highlights: Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota causes immune system dysfunction and lung diseases. The gut-lung axis links the gut microbiota state with lung health outcomes. The microbiota influences human health via the production of different metabolites. Short Chain Fatty Acids are fundamental metabolites regulating the gut-lung axis. Short Chain Fatty Acids have pleiotropic regulatory functions on the immune system.