Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) and the role of complement system in disease pathogenesis. (December 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Thomas, Swapna; Smatti, Maria K.; Ouhtit, Allal; Cyprian, Farhan S.; Almaslamani, Muna A.; Thani, Asmaa Al; Yassine, Hadi M.
• Is Part Of: Molecular immunology. Volume 152(2022)
• Page Start: 172
• Page End: 182
• Publication Date: 2022-12
• Subjects: Coronaviruses -- ADE -- Complements -- C1q -- Non-neutralizing antibodies -- COVID-19; Immunochemistry -- Periodicals; Molecular biology -- Periodicals; Immunochemistry -- Periodicals; Allergy and Immunology -- Periodicals; Molecular Biology -- Periodicals; Immunochimie -- Périodiques; Biologie moléculaire -- Périodiques; Immunochemistry; Molecular biology; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 571.96
• DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.11.010
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0161-5890

Abstract

Abstract: Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) has been associated with severe disease outcomes in several viral infections, including respiratory infections. In vitro and in vivo studies showed that antibody-response to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV could exacerbate infection via ADE. Recently in SARS CoV-2, the in vitro studies and structural analysis shows a risk of disease severity via ADE. This phenomenon is partially attributed to non-neutralizing antibodies or antibodies at sub-neutralizing levels. These antibodies result in antigen-antibody complexes' deposition and propagation of a chronic inflammatory process that destroys affected tissues. Further, antigen-antibody complexes may enhance the internalization of the virus into cells through the Fc gamma receptor (FcγR) and lead to further virus replication. Thus, ADE occur via two mechanisms; 1. Antibody mediated replication and 2. Enhanced immune activation. Antibody-mediated effector functions are mainly driven by complement activation, and the first complement in the cascade is complement 1q (C1q) which binds to the virus-antibody complex. Reports say that deficiency in circulating plasma levels of C1q, an independent predictor of mortality in high-risk patients, including diabetes, is associated with severe viral infections. Complement mediated ADE is reported in several viral infections such as dengue, West Nile virus, measles, RSV, Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and Ebola virus. This review discusses ADE in viral infections and the in vitro evidence of ADE in coronaviruses. We outline the mechanisms of ADE, emphasizing the role of complements, especially C1q in the outcome of the enhanced disease. Highlights: Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is associated with severe disease outcomes in several viral infections, including respiratory infections. This phenomenon is partially attributed to non-neutralizing antibodies or antibodies at sub-neutralizing levels that result in: Antigen-antibody complexes' deposition and propagation of a chronic inflammatory process that destroys affected tissues. Antigen-antibody complexes internalization into macrophages/other cells through the Fc gamma receptor (FcγR), resulting further virus replication. Antibody-mediated effector functions are mainly driven by complement activation, and the first complement in the cascade is complement 1q (C1q) which binds to the virus-antibody complex. Deficiency in circulating plasma levels of C1q, an independent predictor of mortality in high-risk patients, including diabetes, is associated with severe viral infections. This review outline the overall mechanisms of ADE, emphasizing the role of complements, especially C1q in the outcome of the enhanced disease.