Diagnostic and molecular portraits of microbiome and metabolomics of short-chain fatty acids and bile acids in liver disease. (December 2022) - Ganesan, Raja
Abstract: Intestinal microbiota-derived microbial metabolites characterize the metabolic pathways and build the phenotypic expression in alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) and non-AFLD (NAFLD). Microbial metabolites play significant roles in host-microbiota crosstalk. In this review, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs: acetate (C2 ), propionate (C3 ) and butyrate (C4 )) and bile acids (BA: primary BAs, deconjugation, and secondary BAs) signify the fatty liver inflammation and liver carcinogenesis in both AFLD and NAFLD. Clinical investigations on autoimmune, inflammation, and malignancy have demonstrated the immunoregulatory capacity of SCFAs and BAs generated from the gut microbiota, which are reliant on dietary components. Variations in signaling, metabolic, and epigenetic states are among the multiple regulatory processes of SCFAs and BAs that support both the beneficial and detrimental effects of bacterial metabolites. In this review, we discuss SCFAs and BAs signaling and their interplay with the gut microbiome in FLD and NFLD. This review aims to define the key metabolites that are altered in AFLD and NAFLD and their roles in pathogenesis. They represent potential biomarkers for metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the clinical therapeutic applications of SCFAs and BAs profiles and metabolisms are selectively highlighted. Highlights: The metabolic variations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) were studied in liver diseases. SCFAs influenced metabolic alterations in liver metabolisms. SCFAs has inhibited metabolic activity in gut microbiome. Bile acids induced changes an quantitate variability of metabolites and metabolic pathways.