Documentation and Prediction of Increasing Groundwater Chloride in the Twin Cities, Minnesota. Issue 6 (25th July 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: McDaris, John R.; Feinberg, Joshua M.; Runkel, Anthony C.; Levine, Jonathan; Kasahara, Sophie; Alexander, E. Calvin
• Is Part Of: Ground water. Volume 60:Issue 6(2022)
• Page Start: 837
• Page End: 850
• Publication Date: 2022-07-25
• Subjects: Groundwater -- Periodicals; Wells -- Periodicals; Eau souterraine -- Périodiques; Puits -- Périodiques; Grondwater; Eau souterraine; Puits; Electronic journals; Périodique électronique (Descripteur de forme); Ressource Internet (Descripteur de forme); 551.49
• DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13227
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0017-467X

Abstract

Abstract: We provide a comprehensive overview of historic chloride concentrations in the groundwater of the Twin Cities metropolitan area (TCMA) in Minnesota, in order to define the extent of chloride contamination, due primarily to the seasonal application of deicing salt to roadways. Data collected from 1278 wells between 1965 and 2020 are representative of the major aquifers underlying the TCMA and establish a regional natural background chloride concentration of less than 10 mg/L. However, 55% of all measurements (1616 of 2943) are above 10 mg/L, with the highest concentrations found within the uppermost Quaternary aquifers. Chloride concentrations in underlying bedrock aquifers are negatively correlated with the thickness and clay composition of overlying materials. Most chloride measurements (92%) remain below chronic exposure limits set by state and federal authorities. Historical trends indicate that, if the current imbalance between chloride inputs and outflows persists, chloride concentrations in TCMA aquifers will surpass regulatory thresholds by midcentury as surface waters and Quaternary aquifer waters migrate into underlying bedrock aquifers. Most wells in this study are monitored annually, making it impossible to detect important sub‐annual fluctuations of chloride concentration that can exceed 40%. Abstract : Article impact statement : Groundwater in multiple Twin Cities aquifers is likely to reach chronic chloride exposure thresholds by mid‐century due to de‐icing salt.