Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Healthcare Resource Utilization in Individuals with Major Depressive Disorder. (July 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Liberman, Joshua N.; Bhattacharjee, Sandipan; Rui, Pinyao; Ruetsch, Charles; Rothman, Brian; Kulkarni, Amit; Forma, Felicia
• Is Part Of: Health services research and managerial epidemiology. Volume 9(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-07
• Subjects: access to care -- medications -- primary care -- major depressive disorder -- COVID-19 -- telehealth; Medical care -- Periodicals; Health services administration -- Periodicals; Epidemiology -- Periodicals; 362.1
• DOI: 10.1177/23333928221111864
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2333-3928

Abstract

Objective: To estimate the impact COVID-19 pandemic on healthcare resource utilization (HCRU) among individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD). Method: A retrospective cohort study was conducted to compare HCRU in the twelve months prior to and six months following pandemic onset among 1, 318, 709 individuals with MDD and propensity-score matched controls. Outcomes were monthly rates of all-cause and MDD-specific outpatient, inpatient, and prescription medication HCRU. Piecewise random effects models were used to adjust for patient-level clustering, trends over time, and pre-pandemic factors. Results: In the first month following onset, outpatient HCRU declined with primary care visits down 25.1%. Following this initial decline, outpatient HCRU increased, exceeding pre-pandemic rates within three months. By April 2020, three quarters of all psychotherapy sessions were delivered by telehealth, followed by psychiatry (62.3%), and primary care visits (30.1%). The use of telehealth remained highest for psychotherapy and psychiatry (representing 67.6% and 54.2% of visits, respectively, in September 2020). All-cause partial-day hospitalizations declined 50.5% and remained depressed through July 2020 (down 18.3%). Beginning in the first month post-onset, prescription medication HCRU increased for all antidepressant and antipsychotic medication classes: serotonin modulators ( + 11.8%), bupropion ( + 10.4%), SSRIs ( + 9.0%), SNRIs ( + 8.6%), and atypical antipsychotics ( + 7.5%). Conclusions: Following pandemic onset, individuals with MDD realized an immediate, but short-lived, reduction in primary care HCRU. Telehealth use remained elevated through the first six months. The most significant and sustained reduction in HCRU was noted for partial-day hospitalizations and all-cause ED visits.