Growing up in a crowd: social environment shapes the offspring's early exploratory phenotype in a colonial breeding species. Issue 10 (19th October 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Salas, Reyes; Lens, Luc; Stienen, Eric; Verbruggen, Frederick; Müller, Wendt
• Is Part Of: Royal Society open science. Volume 9:Issue 10(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-10-19
• Subjects: early-life social environment -- behaviour -- phenotypic plasticity -- learning -- colonial breeding; Science -- Periodicals; 500
• DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220839
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2054-5703

Abstract

Abstract : In colonial breeding species, the number of adverse social interactions during early life typically varies with breeding density. Phenotypic plasticity can help deal with this social context, by allowing offspring to adjust their behaviour. Furthermore, offspring may not be unprepared since mothers can allocate resources to their embryos that may pre-adjust them to the post-hatching conditions. Thus, we hypothesize that lesser black-backed gull chicks raised in dense breeding areas, with greater exposure to intra-specific aggression, show higher levels of anxiety and lower levels of exploration compared to chicks in low-density areas, and that this is facilitated by prenatal effects. To test this, we cross-fostered clutches within and across pre-defined high- and low-breeding density areas. We measured chicks' anxiety and exploration activity in an open-field test that included a novel and a familiar object. We found that both pre- and post-natal social environment contributed nearly equally and shaped the offspring's exploratory behaviour, but not its anxiety, in an additive way. Post-natal effects could reflect a learned avoidance of intra-specific aggression, yet identifying the pathways of the prenatal effects will require further study.