Excessive nutrient input induces an ecological cost for aphids by modifying their attractiveness towards mutualist ants. (2nd September 2022)
- Record Type:
- Journal Article
- Title:
- Excessive nutrient input induces an ecological cost for aphids by modifying their attractiveness towards mutualist ants. (2nd September 2022)
- Main Title:
- Excessive nutrient input induces an ecological cost for aphids by modifying their attractiveness towards mutualist ants
- Authors:
- Lescano, María N.
Quintero, Carolina
Farji‐Brener, Alejandro G.
Balseiro, Esteban - Abstract:
- Abstract: Enhanced soil nutrient availability often favours herbivore performance by bringing the carbon:nutrient ratio of plants closer to herbivore requirements. However, a surplus of nutrients can promote a too low carbon:nutrient ratio in plants, making them of poor quality for herbivores. In addition, increased soil nutrients can trigger cascading effects altering higher trophic levels, resulting in indirect costs for herbivores. Through experiments under three increasing fertilization levels (unfertilized, NPK‐rich, and 2NPK‐rich soils), we studied how the enhancement of soil nutrient availability, by modifying the C:N ratio of thistles, affects the performance and homeostatic response of the aphids, and the consequent ant attraction. Fertilized soils increased the biomass and reduced the C:N ratio of thistles, also increasing aphid abundance. The stoichiometric homeostasis of aphids was modulated through changes in honeydew production and composition; fertilization treatments reduced by more than half the quantity of honeydew secreted and lead to 2.5–6.4 times higher honeydew N concentration compared with the unfertilized treatment. In addition, in the highest fertilization treatment, the aphids increased the content of uric acid (a waste toxic compound involved in amino acid deamination) excreted in their honeydew. Aphid‐infested thistles had the highest number of aphid‐tending ants when they grew on intermediate rich‐substrates. Ants selected honeydew with a lowerAbstract: Enhanced soil nutrient availability often favours herbivore performance by bringing the carbon:nutrient ratio of plants closer to herbivore requirements. However, a surplus of nutrients can promote a too low carbon:nutrient ratio in plants, making them of poor quality for herbivores. In addition, increased soil nutrients can trigger cascading effects altering higher trophic levels, resulting in indirect costs for herbivores. Through experiments under three increasing fertilization levels (unfertilized, NPK‐rich, and 2NPK‐rich soils), we studied how the enhancement of soil nutrient availability, by modifying the C:N ratio of thistles, affects the performance and homeostatic response of the aphids, and the consequent ant attraction. Fertilized soils increased the biomass and reduced the C:N ratio of thistles, also increasing aphid abundance. The stoichiometric homeostasis of aphids was modulated through changes in honeydew production and composition; fertilization treatments reduced by more than half the quantity of honeydew secreted and lead to 2.5–6.4 times higher honeydew N concentration compared with the unfertilized treatment. In addition, in the highest fertilization treatment, the aphids increased the content of uric acid (a waste toxic compound involved in amino acid deamination) excreted in their honeydew. Aphid‐infested thistles had the highest number of aphid‐tending ants when they grew on intermediate rich‐substrates. Ants selected honeydew with a lower C:N ratio (compared to unfertilized plants), but fewer workers patrolled plants with the highest fertilization treatment likely due to increased uric acid in the honeydew. We showed that enhanced soil nutrients brought plant C:N ratio closer to aphid requirements, enhancing their performance and promoting ant attendance. But a disproportionate increase in fertilization did not further improve aphid performance while it decreases the attraction of protective ants, which would make aphid populations more vulnerable to attack by natural enemies, inducing an ecological cost. This study highlights the complex role of bottom‐up cascading effects triggered by increases in soil nutrient availability and the importance of evaluating not only the physiological and population cost and benefits of it but also the ecological ones; especially when it alters mutualistic interactions. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Abstract : Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. Resumen: El aumento en la disponibilidad de nutrientes del suelo, al disminuir el desbalance elemental (carbono:nitrógeno:fosforo, C:N:P) entre plantas y herbívoros, puede favorecer el rendimiento de los herbívoros. Sin embargo, un excesivo incremento de nutrientes podría resultar desfavorable si promueve una relación C:N:P de las plantas demasiado baja respecto de la requerida por los herbívoros. Estos cambios podrían, además, desencadenar efectos en cascada ascendente que alteren los niveles tróficos superiores y repercutan de manera indirecta sobre los herbívoros. En experimentos de invernadero, utilizando tres niveles crecientes de fertilización (sin fertilizar, 1 dosis de NPK, 2 dosis de NPK), estudiamos cómo el aumento de la disponibilidad de nutrientes en el suelo, al modificar el balance C:N de los cardos, afecta el rendimiento y la respuesta homeostática de los pulgones, así como la atracción de hormigas melívoras hacia plantas con pulgones. Los cardos que crecieron en suelos fertilizados tuvieron mayor biomasa, menor relación C:N y mayor abundancia de pulgones que los cardos en suelos sin fertilizar. La homeostasis estequiométrica de los pulgones fue modulada a través de cambios en la producción y composición de su melaza: la adición de fertilizante redujo a más de la mitad la producción de melaza y produjo un aumento en la cantidad de N excretado en la melaza. El tratamiento 2NPK generó un aumento en la cantidad de ácido úrico (un compuesto tóxico de desecho que interviene en la desaminación de los aminoácidos) presente en la melaza. Los cardos con pulgones que crecieron bajo fertilización intermedia tuvieron la mayor abundancia de hormigas melívoras. Esto podría ser explicado por las preferencias de las hormigas: melaza con menor C:N pero también menor cantidad de ácido úrico. Demostramos que el aumento de los nutrientes del suelo disminuye la proporción C:N de las plantas, mejorando el rendimiento de los pulgones y promoviendo su atracción hacia hormigas melívoras. Dado que las hormigas protegen a los pulgones del ataque de sus enemigos naturales, el aumento desproporcionado de la fertilización, al generar una disminución de la atracción de las hormigas hacia plantas con pulgones, podría inducir un costo ecológico para los pulgones. Este estudio pone de manifiesto el complejo papel de los efectos en cascada ascendentes desencadenados por el aumento de la disponibilidad de nutrientes en el suelo, y destaca la importancia de evaluar no sólo los costos/beneficios fisiológicos y poblacionales sino también ecológicos; especialmente cuando involucra interacciones mutualistas. … (more)
- Is Part Of:
- Functional ecology. Volume 36:Number 10(2022)
- Journal:
- Functional ecology
- Issue:
- Volume 36:Number 10(2022)
- Issue Display:
- Volume 36, Issue 10 (2022)
- Year:
- 2022
- Volume:
- 36
- Issue:
- 10
- Issue Sort Value:
- 2022-0036-0010-0000
- Page Start:
- 2661
- Page End:
- 2672
- Publication Date:
- 2022-09-02
- Subjects:
- ants -- aphids -- bottom‐up cascades -- ecological stoichiometry -- fertilization -- knife‐edge hypothesis -- trophic interactions
Ecology -- Periodicals
574.505 - Journal URLs:
- http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/member/institutions/issuelist.asp?journal=fecoe5 ↗
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journal.asp?ref=0269-8463&site=1 ↗
http://www.jstor.org/journals/02698463.html ↗
http://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2435/ ↗
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ ↗
http://firstsearch.oclc.org ↗
http://firstsearch.oclc.org/journal=0269-8463;screen=info;ECOIP ↗ - DOI:
- 10.1111/1365-2435.14163 ↗
- Languages:
- English
- ISSNs:
- 0269-8463
- Deposit Type:
- Legaldeposit
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- Available online (eLD content is only available in our Reading Rooms) ↗
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