Real‑time COVID-19 diagnosis from X-Ray images using deep CNN and extreme learning machines stabilized by chimp optimization algorithm. (July 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Hu, Tianqing; Khishe, Mohammad; Mohammadi, Mokhtar; Parvizi, Gholam-Reza; Taher Karim, Sarkhel H.; Rashid, Tarik A.
• Is Part Of: Biomedical signal processing and control. Volume 68(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-07
• Subjects: COVID-19 -- Real-time -- Chimp optimization algorithm -- Deep convolutional neural networks -- Chest X-ray images; Signal processing -- Periodicals; Biomedical engineering -- Periodicals; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted -- Periodicals; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted -- Periodicals; Biomedical Engineering -- Periodicals; 610.28
• DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102764
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1746-8094

Abstract

Highlights: An evolutionary DCNN is utilized to detect COVID-19 positive cases. The fully connected layers are replaced by an Extreme learning machine. The chimp optimization algorithm is used to stabilize DCNN-ELM. The Class Activation Map (CAM) is exploited to detect the infected areas. Abstract: Real-time detection of COVID-19 using radiological images has gained priority due to the increasing demand for fast diagnosis of COVID-19 cases. This paper introduces a novel two-phase approach for classifying chest X-ray images. Deep Learning (DL) methods fail to cover these aspects since training and fine-tuning the model's parameters consume much time. In this approach, the first phase comes to train a deep CNN working as a feature extractor, and the second phase comes to use Extreme Learning Machines (ELMs) for real-time detection. The main drawback of ELMs is to meet the need of a large number of hidden-layer nodes to gain a reliable and accurate detector in applying image processing since the detective performance remarkably depends on the setting of initial weights and biases. Therefore, this paper uses Chimp Optimization Algorithm (ChOA) to improve results and increase the reliability of the network while maintaining real-time capability. The designed detector is to be benchmarked on the COVID-Xray-5k and COVIDetectioNet datasets, and the results are verified by comparing it with the classic DCNN, Genetic Algorithm optimized ELM (GA-ELM), Cuckoo Search optimized ELM (CS-ELM), and Whale Optimization Algorithm optimized ELM (WOA-ELM). The proposed approach outperforms other comparative benchmarks with 98.25 % and 99.11 % as ultimate accuracy on the COVID-Xray-5k and COVIDetectioNet datasets, respectively, and it led relative error to reduce as the amount of 1.75 % and 1.01 % as compared to a convolutional CNN. More importantly, the time needed for training deep ChOA-ELM is only 0.9474 milliseconds, and the overall testing time for 3100 images is 2.937 s.