Therapeutic cancer vaccines: From biological mechanisms and engineering to ongoing clinical trials. (September 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Sobhani, Navid; Scaggiante, Bruna; Morris, Rachel; Chai, Dafei; Catalano, Martina; Tardiel-Cyril, Dana Rae; Neeli, Praveen; Roviello, Giandomenico; Mondani, Giuseppina; Li, Yong
• Is Part Of: Cancer treatment reviews. Volume 109(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-09
• Subjects: Cancer vaccines -- SARS-CoV-2 -- mRNA vaccines -- Neoantigens -- Synthetic long peptides -- Neoadjuvant -- Checkpoint inhibitors; NSCL non-small cell lung cancer -- SCC squamous cell cancer -- TNBC triple negative breast cancer -- mCRC metastatic colorectal cancer -- mPC metastatic pancreatic cancer -- TNBC triple negative breast cancer, SCLC, small cell lung cancer -- TAA tumor-associated antigen -- LNP lipid nanoparticle -- SNL synthetic long peptide -- MHC I and MHC II Major Histocompatibility Complex I and II -- DC Dendritic Cells -- SAM virus-derived self-amplifying mRNAs -- i.d. intradermal -- i.m. intramuscular -- i.n. intranodal -- i.v. intravenous -- s.c. subcutaneous -- FDA Federal and Drug Administration -- SARS-CoV-2 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 -- TME tumor micro environment -- Tregs regulatory T cells -- ROS reactive oxygen species -- SAM self-amplifying mRNAs -- IVT synthesized through in vitro transcription -- TAAs abnormally expressed proteins -- APC antigen-presenting cells -- ORF open reading frame -- UTR untranslated region -- TLR Toll-like receptors -- TCR T-cell receptor -- HPV human papillomavirus -- VLP targets virus-like particles -- VSV vesicular stomatitis virus -- HNPCC hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer -- MSH-2 mouse model for the lynch syndrome -- PD-1/PD-L1 programmed death protein-1/ligand1 -- NAP Naproxen -- CTLA-4 cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 -- VEGFR vascular endothelial growth factor receptor -- MDSCs myeloid-derived suppressor cells -- DC-IL12-OVA DC-based vaccine expressing IL-12, pulsed with OVA-peptide -- CEA carcinoembryogenic antigen; Cancer -- Periodicals; Cancer -- Treatment -- Periodicals; Neoplasms -- therapy -- Periodicals; Cancer -- Périodiques; Cancer -- Traitement -- Périodiques; Cancer -- Treatment; Electronic journals; Periodicals; 616.99406
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2022.102429
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0305-7372

Abstract

Highlights: FDA anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines propel therapeutic anti-cancer vaccine platforms. Simple mRNA structure alterations in vaccines gives more engineering flexibility. Vaccines stability, antigen translation and delivery through lipid nanoparticles. Nucleic-acid, peptide, cellular, personalized neoantigen vaccines investigations. Comprehensively review of key ongoing clinical trials. Abstract: Therapeutic vaccines are currently at the forefront of medical innovation. Various endeavors have been made to develop more consolidated approaches to producing nucleic acid-based vaccines, both DNA and mRNA vaccines. These innovations have continued to propel therapeutic platforms forward, especially for mRNA vaccines, after the successes that drove emergency FDA approval of two mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. These vaccines use modified mRNAs and lipid nanoparticles to improve stability, antigen translation, and delivery by evading innate immune activation. Simple alterations of mRNA structure- such as non-replicating, modified, or self-amplifying mRNAs- can provide flexibility for future vaccine development. For protein vaccines, the use of long synthetic peptides of tumor antigens instead of short peptides has further enhanced antigen delivery success and peptide stability. Efforts to identify and target neoantigens instead of antigens shared between tumor cells and normal cells have also improved protein-based vaccines. Other approaches use inactivated patient-derived tumor cells to elicit immune responses, or purified tumor antigens are given to patient-derived dendritic cells that are activated in vitro prior to reinjection. This review will discuss recent developments in therapeutic cancer vaccines such as, mode of action and engineering new types of anticancer vaccines, in order to summarize the latest preclinical and clinical data for further discussion of ongoing clinical endeavors in the field.