A multi-channel deep convolutional neural network for multi-classifying thyroid diseases. (September 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Zhang, Xinyu; Lee, Vincent C.S.; Rong, Jia; Lee, James C.; Song, Jiangning; Liu, Feng
• Is Part Of: Computers in biology and medicine. Volume 148(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-09
• Subjects: Thyroid disease diagnosis -- Deep learning -- Convolutional neural network (CNN) -- Multi-channel CNN -- Multi-class classification -- Computer-aided diagnosis (CAD); Medicine -- Data processing -- Periodicals; Biology -- Data processing -- Periodicals; 610.285
• DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105961
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0010-4825

Abstract

Abstract: Background and Objective: Thyroid disease instances have been continuously increasing since the 1990s, and thyroid cancer has become the most rapidly rising disease among all the malignancies in recent years. Most existing studies focused on applying deep convolutional neural networks for detecting thyroid cancer. Despite their satisfactory performance on binary classification tasks, limited studies have explored multi-class classification of thyroid disease types; much less is known of the diagnosis of co-existence situation for different types of thyroid diseases. Method: This study proposed a novel multi-channel convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to address the multi-class classification task of thyroid disease. The multi-channel CNN merits from computed tomography characteristics to drive a comprehensive diagnostic decision for the overall thyroid gland, emphasizing the disease co-existence circumstance. Moreover, this study also examined alternative strategies to enhance the diagnostic accuracy of CNN models through concatenation of different scales of feature maps. Results: Benchmarking experiments demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed multi-channel CNN architecture compared with the standard single-channel CNN architecture. More specifically, the multi-channel CNN achieved an accuracy of 0 . 909 ± 0 . 048, precision of 0 . 944 ± 0 . 062, recall of 0 . 896 ± 0 . 047, specificity of 0 . 994 ± 0 . 001, and F1 of 0 . 917 ± 0 . 057, in contrast to the single-channel CNN, which obtained 0 . 902 ± 0 . 004, 0 . 892 ± 0 . 005, 0 . 909 ± 0 . 002, 0 . 993 ± 0 . 001, 0 . 898 ± 0 . 003, respectively. In addition, the proposed model was evaluated in different gender groups; it reached a diagnostic accuracy of 0.908 for the female group and 0.901 for the male group. Conclusion: Collectively, the results highlight that the proposed multi-channel CNN has excellent generalization and has the potential to be deployed to provide computational decision support in clinical settings. Graphical abstract: Highlights: Thyroid disease multi-classification is of clinical anticipation and demands. Multi-channel CNN provides comprehensive and accurate diagnoses. Multi-channel CNN generalizes well to different gender groups. Kernel size combination of 1 × 1 and 7 × 7 shows stability. Multi-classification with multi-channel CNN emphasizes disease co-existence.