Kratom use categories and their associations with co-occurring substance use and mental health disorder symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. (1st October 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Adzrago, David; Obekpa, Elizabeth O.; Suragh, Tiffany A.; John, Evit R.; Yeh, Paul G.; Gallardo, Kathryn R.; Wilkerson, J. Michael
• Is Part Of: Drug and alcohol dependence. Volume 239(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-10-01
• Subjects: Kratom -- Mental health disorder -- Substance use disorder -- Sexual identity -- COVID-19 pandemic; Drug abuse -- Periodicals; Alcoholism -- Periodicals; 616.86
• DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109605
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0376-8716

Abstract

Abstract: Background: Kratom, a psychoactive substance, use is an evolving research area that needs more studies to augment the limited literature. Our study examines the association between kratom use categories and mental health and substance use disorders in the U.S. population. Methods: We used the 2020 National Survey on Drug Use and Health data (N = 32, 893), a cross-sectional survey data, on the U.S. population aged 12 years or older. We used STATA/SE version 16 to perform a multinomial logistic regression analysis to assess our study aims. Results: Bisexuals, compared to heterosexuals, had higher risks of kratom use within the past 30 days (relative risk ratio [RRR]= 2.47, 95% CI= 1.07, 5.71). Major depressive episode was positively associated with kratom use more than 30 days ago (RRR= 2.04, 95% CI= 1.24, 3.34). This association was also observed for mild (RRR= 2.04, 95% CI= 1.38, 3.02), moderate (RRR= 2.25, 95% CI= 1.13, 4.51), or severe alcohol use disorder (RRR= 1.88, 95% CI= 1.05, 3.36); and mild (RRR= 1.98, 95% CI= 1.27, 3.11), moderate (RRR= 2.38, 95% CI= 1.27, 4.45), or severe marijuana use disorder (RRR= 2.13, 95% CI= 1.02, 4.47). Illicit drug other than marijuana use disorder was associated positively with kratom use more than 30 days ago (RRR= 2.81, 95% CI= 1.85, 4.26) and kratom use within the past 30 days (RRR= 5.48, 95% CI= 1.50, 20.02). Conclusions: Our findings suggested that identifying as bisexual, experiencing depression, alcohol use disorder, or illicit drug use disorder increased the risks of kratom use. There is a need to consider mental health and substance use disorders and sexual identity in kratom use interventions and policies geared toward reducing or preventing kratom use. Highlights: We assessed risk factors for kratom use categories among individuals aged 12 years and older in the United States. Bisexuals had higher risks of kratom use within the past 30 days. Major depressive episodes and alcohol use disorder were positively associated with kratom use more than 30 days ago. Illicit drug use disorder was associated positively with kratom use within the past 30 days or more than 30 days ago.