Nano toolbox in immune modulation and nanovaccines. Issue 10 (October 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Azharuddin, Mohammad; Zhu, Geyunjian Harry; Sengupta, Anirban; Hinkula, Jorma; Slater, Nigel K.H.; Patra, Hirak K.
• Is Part Of: Trends in biotechnology. Volume 40:Issue 10(2022)
• Page Start: 1195
• Page End: 1212
• Publication Date: 2022-10
• Subjects: vaccine -- nano toolbox -- nanovaccine -- immune modulation -- immune response; Biotechnology -- Periodicals; Biochemical engineering -- Periodicals; Genetic engineering -- Periodicals; Industrial microbiology -- Periodicals; 660.605
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2022.03.011
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0167-7799

Abstract

Abstract : Despite the great success of vaccines over two centuries, the conventional strategy is based on attenuated/altered microorganisms. However, this is not effective for all microbes and often fails to elicit a protective immune response, and sometimes poses unexpected safety risks. The expanding nano toolbox may overcome some of the roadblocks in vaccine development given the plethora of unique nanoparticle (NP)-based platforms that can successfully induce specific immune responses leading to exciting and novel solutions. Nanovaccines necessitate a thorough understanding of the immunostimulatory effect of these nanotools. We present a comprehensive description of strategies in which nanotools have been used to elicit an immune response and provide a perspective on how nanotechnology can lead to future personalized nanovaccines. Highlights: Nanoscale materials can extend antigen stability, enhance immunogenicity, and improve antigen presentation time in the targeted cell or tissue. The reasons behind the current success of advanced nanoscale vaccine technologies and how they differ from traditional and conventional vaccines in terms of immune modulation are discussed. The capacity and extent of eliciting humoral and cell-mediated immune responses by nanovaccines are reviewed We present a list of all currently FDA-approved nanovaccines and those in clinical trials. An in-depth and rational understanding will be necessary for the development of nanotools for use in future vaccines. We overview the lessons learnt from this potentially transformative nanovaccine development and how they have been used to elicit an immune response, with a focus on the most recent nanovaccines.