Extracellular vesicles in pancreatic cancer immune escape: Emerging roles and mechanisms. (September 2022)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Liu, Chunping; He, Dongyue; Li, Longmei; Zhang, Shihui; Wang, Lei; Fan, Zhijin; Wang, Yichao
• Is Part Of: Pharmacological research. Volume 183(2022)
• Publication Date: 2022-09
• Subjects: Pancreatic cancer -- Extracellular vesicles -- Immune escape -- Tumor immune -- Microenvironment -- Exosomes -- Cancer immunotherapy; Pharmacology -- Periodicals; Pharmacology -- Periodicals; Research -- Periodicals; Médicaments -- Recherche -- Périodiques; Pharmacologie -- Périodiques; 615.105
• DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106364
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1043-6618

Abstract

Abstract: Pancreatic cancer (PC) is the most lethal malignancy worldwide due to its delayed diagnosis and limited treatment options. Despite great progress in clinical trials of immunotherapies for various cancers, their effectiveness in PC is very low, indicating that immune evasion is still a major obstacle to immunotherapy in PC. However, the mechanism of immune escape in PC is not fully understood, which substantially restricts the development of immunotherapy. As an important component of intercellular communication networks, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted increasing attention in relation to immune escape. This review aims to provide a better understanding of the roles of EVs in tumor immune escape and the potential to expand their application in cancer immunotherapy. The relationship between PC and the tumor immune microenvironment is briefly introduced. Then, the mechanism by which EVs are involved in immune regulation is summarized, and the latest progress in determining the role of EVs in regulating PC immune escape is highlighted. Graphical Abstract: The interaction between the immune microenvironment and pancreatic cancer can be divided into three processes: elimination, equilibrium, and escape. Elimination: The immune system eliminates highly immunogenic tumors by recognizing tumor antigens. Equilibrium: Immune pressure selects tumor cells with low immunogenicity, and a balance is reached between immune clearance and tumor growth. Escape: Tumor cells achieve malignant proliferation by immune escape through various mechanisms. ga1