Electrochemically driven multi-material 3D-printing. (March 2020)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Ambrosi, Adriano; Webster, Richard D.; Pumera, Martin
• Is Part Of: Applied materials today. Volume 18(2020)
• Publication Date: 2020-03
• Subjects: 3D-printing -- Additive manufacturing -- Electrochemistry -- Metal printing -- Conductive polymer printing -- Multimaterial 3D-printing; Materials science -- Periodicals; Materials -- Research -- Periodicals; 620.1105
• DOI: 10.1016/j.apmt.2019.100530
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 2352-9407

Abstract

Graphical abstract: Multi-material deposition is demonstrated by means of a low-cost 3D printing system combined with electrochemical technique. Highlights: -Low-cost and large scale printing is achieved combining 3D-printing and electrochemistry. Metals and conductive polymers are printed selectively. Multimaterial 3D-printing is enabled by electrochemistry. Abstract: Major efforts for the advancement of additive manufacturing are lately focused on the development of multi-material 3D-printing (mMat-3DP) methods which can enable the fabrication of complete devices in a single printing process combining materials with different properties (structural, functional, conductive, etc.). Printing conductive (metal and non-metal) materials with low-energy-consuming and economical methods is of particular interest since it would facilitate the production of electrodes, catalytic surfaces and electronic circuitry in general for countless applications. In order to contribute to the future vision of mMat-3DP, we wish to show here an economical method to selectively deposit different conductive materials (metal and conductive polymer) by means of electrochemical driving forces. A custom-made electrochemical liquid dispenser with embedded electrodes is used to electrodeposit selectively a metal (Cu), a conductive polymer (polyaniline), or a combination of the two, with both precursors present simultaneously and conveniently in the common electrolytic bath. Combining the 3D-patterning ability of a desktop 3D-printer with a concurrent control of the electrochemical process, selective deposition is demonstrated over a conductive graphite foil used as the cathode. Printing and electrochemical parameters have been optimized using scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to characterize the printed structures. The electrochemical 3D-printing method, being inherently low-cost, scalable and compatible with electrode fabrication methods shall find a broad scope of applications.