Avoidable food losses and associated production-phase greenhouse gas emissions arising from application of cosmetic standards to fresh fruit and vegetables in Europe and the UK. (10th November 2018)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Porter, Stephen D.; Reay, David S.; Bomberg, Elizabeth; Higgins, Peter
• Is Part Of: Journal of cleaner production. Volume 201(2018)
• Page Start: 869
• Page End: 878
• Publication Date: 2018-11-10
• Subjects: Climate change mitigation -- Food supply chain -- Cosmetic standards -- Fresh fruit and vegetables -- Embedded emissions -- Food loss and waste; Factory and trade waste -- Management -- Periodicals; Manufactures -- Environmental aspects -- Periodicals; Déchets industriels -- Gestion -- Périodiques; Usines -- Aspect de l'environnement -- Périodiques; 628.5
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.079
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0959-6526

Abstract

Abstract: The use of aesthetics for classifying and accepting fresh food for sale and consumption is built into food quality standards and regulations of the European Union. The food distribution sector in Europe and the UK is oligopolistic in nature; a small number of supermarket chains control a large market share. The influence of these 'multiples' enables them to impose additional proprietary 'quality' criteria. Produce that doesn't meet these standards may be lost from the food supply chain, never seeing a supermarket shelf – it may not get past the supplier, or even leave the farm. Here, for the first time, we estimate the quantity of food loss and waste of fresh fruit and vegetables arising from cosmetic standards in Europe and UK, and its associated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. We find few direct measurements of such losses, resulting in large uncertainties for key commodities. In the context of these uncertainties, we estimate avoidable FLW from on-farm cosmetic grade-outs of up to 4500 kt yr −1 in the UK and 51, 500 kt yr −1 in the European Economic Area (EEA). Our estimates suggest over a third of total farm production is lost for aesthetic reasons, which equates to as much as 970 kt CO2 e (UK) and 22, 500 kt CO2 e (EEA) of embedded production-phase GHG emissions annually. Examining the issue from the perspective of markets, suppliers, and consumers we establish there is an over-emphasis on superficial qualities (i.e. cosmetic appearance) of fresh produce, which leads to its unnecessary loss and waste. Using an illustrative case study, we provide potential avenues to mitigate these losses and the associated GHG emissions. Highlights: Application of cosmetic standards has resulted in substantial avoidable food losses. Many actors across the agri-food chain enforce these standards upon farmers. The embedded emissions of lost sub-optimal food in the EEA is as much as 22.5 Mt CO2 e yr −1 . Quantity of avoidable on-farm losses remains uncertain due to a lack of coverage. We propose several avenues to mitigate on-farm food loss and its embedded emissions.