My Chatbot Companion - a Study of Human-Chatbot Relationships. Issue 149 (May 2021)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Skjuve, Marita; Følstad, Asbjørn; Fostervold, Knut Inge; Brandtzaeg, Petter Bae
• Is Part Of: International journal of human-computer studies. Issue 149(2021)
• Publication Date: 2021-05
• Subjects: Chatbot -- artificial intelligence -- relationship -- self-disclosure -- trust -- social impact; Human-machine systems -- Periodicals; Systems engineering -- Periodicals; Human engineering -- Periodicals; Human engineering; Human-machine systems; Systems engineering; Periodicals; Electronic journals; 004.019
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102601
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 1071-5819

Abstract

Highlights: Human-chatbot relationships may have positive impact on wellbeing Human–chatbot relationships may be strengthened through self-disclosure Self-disclosure in human–chatbot relationships depends on trust formation Trust in human-chatbot relationships has a practical and an affective basis Human–chatbot relationship development with rapid onset of affective exploration Abstract: There has been a recent surge of interest in social chatbots, and human–chatbot relationships (HCRs) are becoming more prevalent, but little knowledge exists on how HCRs develop and may impact the broader social context of the users. Guided by Social Penetration Theory, we interviewed 18 participants, all of whom had developed a friendship with a social chatbot named Replika, to understand the HCR development process. We find that at the outset, HCRs typically have a superficial character motivated by the users' curiosity. The evolving HCRs are characterised by substantial affective exploration and engagement as the users' trust and engagement in self-disclosure increase. As the relationship evolves to a stable state, the frequency of interactions may decrease, but the relationship can still be seen as having substantial affective and social value. The relationship with the social chatbot was found to be rewarding to its users, positively impacting the participants' perceived wellbeing. Key chatbot characteristics facilitating relationship development included the chatbot being seen as accepting, understanding and non-judgmental. The perceived impact on the users' broader social context was mixed, and a sense of stigma associated with HCRs was reported. We propose an initial model representing the HCR development identified in this study and suggest avenues for future research.