Review—Hard Carbon Negative Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Issue 14 (1st January 2015)

• Record Type: Journal Article
• Authors: Irisarri, E.; Ponrouch, A.; Palacin, M. R.
• Is Part Of: Journal of the Electrochemical Society. Volume 162:Issue 14(2015)
• Page Start: A2476
• Page End: A2482
• Publication Date: 2015-01-01
• Subjects: energy storage -- hard carbon -- negative electrode -- SEI -- sodium batteries; Electrochemistry -- Periodicals; 541.3705
• DOI: 10.1149/2.0091514jes
• Languages: English
• ISSNs: 0013-4651

Abstract

Abstract : A first review of hard carbon materials as negative electrodes for sodium ion batteries is presented, covering not only the electrochemical performance but also the synthetic methods and microstructures. The relation between the reversible and irreversible capacities achieved and microstructural features is described and illustrated with specific experiments while discussing also the effect of the electrolyte. A summary of the current knowledge is given while emphasizing the possibility of further performance improvements by thoroughly mastering structure-property relationships and also discussing the main current bottleneck to maximize energy density in real applications: the first cycle irreversible capacity. Finally, a short conclusion and perspectives session is provided highlighting necessary developments in the field to turn the present optimistic research prospects into tangible practical products.